FIG 5.

Metabolomic investigation of the effects of probiotic supplementation on the intestinal microbiome. (A) Orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model overview. OPLS-DA was performed for multivariate group analysis. (B) Principal-coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the gut microbiome composition at the genus level based on the weighted UniFrac matrix for each group. The colors of the spots indicate samples from each individual. (C) Hierarchical clustering heatmap of differential metabolite expression between the probiotic administration group and the BEZ235-treated group. (D) Boxplot analysis was used to present the data distribution and to detect outliers. The data are shown as the mean ± SEM (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001).