C. butyricum-changed gut microbiota and bacterial metabolites contributed to alleviated colitis. (A) Experimental design. (B) Mice body weight (n = 8). (C) Colon length. (D) Plasma LPS, IL-6, and TNF-α levels (n = 6 to 8). (E) H&E staining of the colon and summarized histological score (n = 5). (F) Relative mRNA levels of Mucin secretion proteins, tight junction proteins, and proinflammatory related gene expression (n = 6 to 8). *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01 versus the Con-FFT/Con-FMT group.