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. 2019 Apr 25;96(3):379–385. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2018.12.013

Table 3.

Anatomical aspects and characteristic of the lingual frenulum, according to the protocol applied to evaluate the lingual frenulum – BTAT – Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, Pernambuco, Brazil, 2016

Anatomical aspects and characteristics of the lingual frenulum n %
Appearance of the tip of the tongue
 Heart-shaped 12 2.7
 Slit/notched tongue 8 1.8
 Round 429 95.5



Fixation of the frenulum in the lower alveolus
 Attached to the upper part/top of the gingiva 1 0.2
 Attached to the inner side of the gingiva/back 25 5.5
 Attached in the middle of the mouth floor 423 94.2



Tongue elevation during crying with mouth open
 Minimal elevation 8 1.8
 Elevation only of the borders of the tongue toward the hard palate 6 1.3
 Complete elevation of the tongue toward the hard palate 435 96.8



Protrusion of the tongue over the gingiva
 Tongue tip behind the gingiva 4 0.8
 Tongue tip over the gingiva 10 2.2
 Tongue tip may extend over the lower lip 435 96.8

BTAT, Bristol Tongue Assessment Tool.

Total of 449 assessed infants.