Figure 2. Vitamin D decreases catabolic factors and inflammatory cytokines in the human-OA chondrocytes. (A) MMP-13 immunohistochemistry in synovium. The bar graph shows the mean number of MMP-13-positive cells in the tissue. (B) Immunohistochemistry for IL-1β (top) and MCP-1 (bottom). Bar graphs show the mean number of IL-1β (left) and MCP-1 (right) positive cells in the synovium. (C) mRNA levels of MMP-3 and MMP-13 in human OA chondrocytes were measured by real-time PCR. (D) The concentrations of IL-6 and MCP-1 in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Data are presented as means ± SD of 3 independent experiments.

^*p<0.05; ^***p<0.001.