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. 2022 Mar 28;29(9):1816–1833. doi: 10.1038/s41418-022-00967-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — A IF analysis showing cytosolic dsDNA in retina photoreceptors. Scale bar: 200 μM. WB analysis showing indicated proteins in 661W cells (B) or ARPE cells (C, D). E Live cell imaging showing JQ1 promoted exogenous cytosolic dsDNA clearance. Cy3- DNA was transfected into ARPE LC3-GFP cells and live cell imaging was performed 6 h after transfection with or without the addition of JQ1 (1 or 10 μM). The still frames were indicated at the indicated time points. Lower panel: mean fluorescence intensity of Cy3-dsDNA calculated from live cell images using ImageJ from 20 different fields. F IF for dsDNA in 661W cells. Scale bar: 50 μM. Lower panels: the relative cytosolic dsDNA foci number and area in the intact nuclei were calculated from six randomly selected fields. G IF analysis showing dsDNA and DNA damage. Scale bar: 20 μM. Lower panel: relative cytosolic DNA number after normalized to nuclei numbers. For each group, 30–50 cells were counted. H, I qRT-PCR analysis showing indicated gene expression in ARPE cells. JQ1 (10 μM), and or CQ (10 μM) were added 6 h after transfection.