Fig. 5. Diagrams illustrating possible interactions between some selected mycotoxins and bacteria cell wall components.

a The Mechanisms of interactions between aflatoxin B1 with bacterial cell. Wall components such as peptidoglycan, cell wall teichoic acids, β-D-glucan, and cell surface proteins. Illustrations adapted from Adobe stock images, copyright Kateryna_Kon (http://stock.adobe.com/) under Standard Licensing. b The Mechanisms of interactions between fumonisin B1 and patulin with bacterial cell wall components. fumonisin B1 only reacts with cell wall peptidoglycan (interaction between tricarballyllic acid (TCA) of fumonisin B₁ and peptidoglycans). The known possible mechanism for bacterial binding to patulin involves interaction with cell surface proteins (-NH or -CO groups). Illustrations adapted from Adobe stock images, copyright Kateryna_Kon (http://stock.adobe.com/) under Standard Licensing. c The Possible mechanisms of interactions between zearalenone and a LAB strain; interaction with intracellular proteins, reaction with cell wall peptidoglycans, or interaction with cell surface proteins (by hydrophobic or electrostatic reaction). Illustrations adapted from Adobe stock images, copyright Kateryna_Kon (http://stock.adobe.com/) under Standard Licensing. AFB Aflatoxin B1, ZEN Zearalenone, OTA Ochratoxin A, DON Deoxynivalenol, FB₁ Fumonisin B₁.