Figure 6.

Emodin induces activation of TLR3-IFN-λ3-ISG15 pathway in SADS-CoV-infected cells. IPI-FX cells were incubated with Emodin (12.5 μg/ml) or 0.1% DMSO for 1 h, followed by infection with SADS-CoV at an MOI of 0.1. After 1.5 h, the cells were re-treated with Emodin (12.5 μg/ml) or 0.1% DMSO. DMEM + DMSO, DMEM + Emodin, and SADS-CoV + DMSO groups were as controls. At indicated time points (12 h and 24 h), the mRNA expression of TLR3, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ1, IFN-λ3, ISG15, and GAPDH was examined by quantitative real-time PCR using specific primers. (A–F) The expression levels of these molecules were calculated in relation to the mRNA expression level of GAPDH. Results are representative of three independent experiments (mean ± SD). n = 3. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.