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. 2022 Aug 18;13:839005. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.839005

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Copyright © 2022 Chen, Li and Ou-Yang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Estrogen signaling pathways. Estrogen or E2 (orange circle E in the graph) binds to the ERα/ERβ and GPER1, exerting its genomic and non-genomic effects. The genomic effect is shown in orange: the E2-receptor complex binds to EREs upon entry into the nucleus. The non-genomic effect is shown in blue: E2 binds to ERs in the membrane-like GPER1 and regulates the expression by modulating the ion channel opening or activation of related enzymes. E, estrogen or E2; ERα, estrogen receptor alpha; ERβ, estrogen receptor beta; GPER1, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1; ERE, estrogen response elements; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.