Table 2.

Kinematic and kinetic data.

					ANOVA ( p -value/ ${\text{eta}}_{\text{p}}^2$ )
		low RH	med RH	high RH	GR	RH	GR*RH
Distance trochanter—toe [m]	8%	0.51 ± 0.05	0.48 ± 0.05	0.45 ± 0.07
	16%	0.56 ± 0.05	0.54 ± 0.06	0.52 ± 0.06	<0.001/0.94	<0.001/0.75	0.003/0.23
	24%	0.59 ± 0.05	0.57 ± 0.06	0.55 ± 0.06
Torso angle [°]	8%	86 ± 5	87 ± 5	87 ± 4
	16%	82 ± 5	83 ± 5	84 ± 5	<0.001/0.83	<0.001/0.79	<0.001/0.32
	24%	76 ± 7	78 ± 7	79 ± 6
Pole angle [°]	8%	68 ± 5	69 ± 7	69 ± 6
	16%	66 ± 6	66 ± 7	66 ± 7	<0.001/0.71	0.07/0.14	0.036/0.14
	24%	61 ± 6	62 ± 7	63 ± 7
Pole contact time [s]	8%	0.68 ± 0.09	0.68 ± 0.09	0.67 ± 0.08
	16%	0.75 ± 0.1	0.74 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.1	<0.001/0.86	<0.001/0.68	0.005/0.23
	24%	0.82 ± 0.09	0.77 ± 0.09	0.77 ± 0.1
Pole Fmax [N]	8%	43 ± 12	42 ± 11	44 ± 11
	16%	55 ± 15	52 ± 14	52 ± 13	<0.001/0.85	0.005/0.31	0.072/0.14
	24%	71 ± 17	66 ± 15	65 ± 15
Sole Fmax [N]	8%	936 ± 126	898 ± 126	886 ± 131
	16%	968 ± 142	939 ± 134	913 ± 148	0.001/0.43	<0.001/0.48	0.606/0.04
	24%	984 ± 112	973 ± 135	951 ± 138
Sole Fpeak [N]	8%	595 ± 108	642 ± 129	680 ± 140
	16%	583 ± 116	622 ± 95	645 ± 104	0.292/0.07	<0.001/0.64	0.309/0.07
	24%	562 ± 96	648 ± 137	641 ± 108
Cycle time [s]	8%	1.32 ± 0.12	1.28 ± 0.11	1.26 ± 0.13
	16%	1.37 ± 0.12	1.34 ± 0.13	1.31 ± 0.13	<0.001/0.48	<0.001/0.68	0.547/0.04
	24%	1.38 ± 0.13	1.35 ± 0.12	1.34 ± 0.13
Step time [s]	8%	0.79 ± 0.08	0.78 ± 0.07	0.77 ± 0.09
	16%	0.82 ± 0.07	0.8 ± 0.07	0.78 ± 0.08	0.016/0.26	<0.001/0.37	0.579/0.04
	24%	0.83 ± 0.07	0.81 ± 0.07	0.8 ± 0.08
Single stance time [s]	8%	0.66 ± 0.06	0.64 ± 0.06	0.63 ± 0.08
	16%	0.68 ± 0.06	0.67 ± 0.07	0.65 ± 0.07	0.002/0.36	<0.001/0.61	0.651/0.03
	24%	0.69 ± 0.06	0.67 ± 0.06	0.66 ± 0.06
Double stance time [s]	8%	0.13 ± 0.02	0.14 ± 0.02	0.14 ± 0.03
	16%	0.14 ± 0.03	0.13 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.03	0.289/0.07	0.947/ <0.01	0.327/0.07
	24%	0.14 ± 0.03	0.14 ± 0.03	0.14 ± 0.03
Swing time [s]	8%	0.53 ± 0.05	0.5 ± 0.06	0.48 ± 0.06
	16%	0.55 ± 0.06	0.54 ± 0.06	0.53 ± 0.06	<0.001/0.53	<0.001/0.63	0.09/0.11
	24%	0.55 ± 0.06	0.54 ± 0.06	0.53 ± 0.06
Foot angle [°]	8%	−4.5 ± 0.5	4.1 ± 0.6	8.4 ± 0.8
	16%	−9.2 ± 0.5	−0.6 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.8	<0.001/1	<0.001/0.99	0.153/0.1
	24%	−13.5 ± 0.5	−5 ± 0.6	−0.7 ± 0.8
Mechanical efficiency	8%	0.1 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.01
	16%	0.14 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.02	<0.001/0.98	0.756/0.02	0.186/0.09
	24%	0.17 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.02
Comfort (1–10)	8%	8.6 ± 1.3	7.0 ± 1.7	4.8 ± 2.6
	16%	6.6 ± 2.0	7.5 ± 1.5	6.6 ± 1.8	0.016/0.24	<0.001/0.41	<0.001/0.41
	24%	5.2 ± 1.9	6.5 ± 2.2	6.1 ± 2.1

Mean ± standard deviation; RH, riser height; GR, gradient; GR × RH = interaction effect between gradient and riser height. Significant results are presented in bold.