Table 1.

Summary of cervical cancer prevention in modelled countries.

Country	HPV vaccination			Screening
	Begana	Screening ages affected in 2020	Approx coverageb	Primary test	Recommended interval/agesc	Participationd	Organization
Australia	2007	25–39 y	57% [25–29y] 30% [30–39y]	HPV with 16/18 genotyping (since Dec 2017)e	5y/25–74	54%	National register sends an invitation at age 24y 9 months and reminders when overdue for routine screening or surveillance
Netherlands	2009	Not eligible until 2023	0%	HPV (since Jan 2017)f	5y/30–60g	82%	Regional organization sends invitations at fixed ages (30,35,40,45,50,55,60y) or when additional follow-up required
Norway	2009	25–30 y	56–62% [25–29y]	Cytology HPVh	3y/25–69 5y/34–69	71%	National register sends an invitation at age 25 and reminders when due/ overdue for routine screening or surveillance
USA	2006	21–40 y	65% [21-24y] 58% [25–29y] 19% [30–39y]	Cytology Co-testingh HPV	3y/21–65 5y/30–65 5y/30–65	81%	No national level organization. Health provider organizations provide varying levels of organization within their system.

^aStarted for target age.

^bRestricted to cohorts offered vaccination age-eligible for screening; age in 2020 (Portnoy et al., 2021; Smith et al., 2021a; Gefenaite et al., 2012; Reagan-Steiner et al., 2016; Reagan-Steiner et al., 2015; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., 2010; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009).

^cEnd age is not a hard stop in Australia, Norway or USA, ie women with an abnormal test at around the end age or without a consistent history of negative tests in the period leading up to the recommended end age are typically kept under surveillance until they meet exit criteria (eg: the abnormality is cleared or treated). In Norway and the USA, HPV-based screening is recommended from a certain start age, and cytology screening recommended for women age-eligible for screening but below the minimum age recommended for HPV-based screening.

^dParticipation at the recommended interval.

^eColposcopy referral for women with HPV16/18 detected or both HPV (oncogenic type but not 16/18) detected and LBC ≥ ASC-H or glandular abnormalities; women with HPV (not 16/18) detected and LBC < ASC-H are referred for 12 m repeat HPV testing.

^fColposcopy referral for women with both HPV detected (any oncogenic type) and LBC ≥ ASC-US; women with normal LBC are referred for 6 m repeat LBC testing.

^gScreening recommended at 65 for women who are HPV-positive at age 60; women who are HPV-negative at age 40 or 50 are recommended to return in 10 years rather than 5.

^hColposcopy referral for women with both HPV detected (any oncogenic type) and LBC ≥ ASC-US; HPV-positive women with normal LBC are referred for 12 m repeat HPV testing.