Figure 4.

Differences in epigenetic age accelerations between non-ART and IVF/ICSI parents. The plot on the right side was generated based on the beta coefficient estimates with the standardized outcomes. DNAm, DNA methylation; DunedinPoAm, DNAm-estimated ‘Pace of Aging’ by Belsky et al. (2020); PhenoAgeAccel, DNAm-estimated phenotypic age acceleration; DNAmTL, DNAm-estimated telomere length; DNAmAgeAccel, DNA methylation age acceleration. ¹In mothers, the associations were adjusted for smoking (pre-pregnancy), alcohol intake (pre-pregnancy), BMI (pre-pregnancy), education, parity and plate. ²In fathers, the associations were adjusted for smoking, alcohol intake, BMI, education, partner’s parity and plate. ³Age-adjusted DNAm-estimated telomere length (DNAmTL) by Lu et al. was multiplied by −1. DNAmTL declines with advanced chronological age. ⁴The epigenetic age accelerations as outcome variables were not standardized. ⁵The epigenetic age accelerations as outcome variables were standardized.