Table I.
Descriptive statistics of the study samples.
| N (%) or mean (SD) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother |
Father |
||||
| Non-ART (n = 1000) | IVF (n = 525) | Non-ART (n = 1000) | ICSI (n = 369) | ||
| Chronological age1 | 30.1 ± 4.63 | 33.57 ± 3.6 | 32.74 ± 5.5 | 36.19 ± 5.72 | |
| Smoking2,3 | No | 643 (64.3%) | 376 (71.6%) | 684 (68.4%) | 265 (71.8%) |
| Sometimes | 100 (10%) | 56 (10.7%) | 98 (9.8%) | 38 (10.3%) | |
| Daily | 177 (17.7%) | 56 (10.7%) | 192 (19.2%) | 58 (15.7%) | |
| NA | 80 (8%) | 37 (7%) | 26 (2.6%) | 8 (2.2%) | |
| Alcohol2,4 | No or barely | 116 (11.6%) | 80 (15.2%) | 211 (21.1%) | 80 (21.7%) |
| Moderate | 571 (57.1%) | 333 (63.4%) | 545 (54.5%) | 176 (47.7%) | |
| Severe | 298 (29.8%) | 99 (18.9%) | 158 (15.8%) | 76 (20.6%) | |
| NA | 15 (1.5%) | 13 (2.5%) | 86 (8.6%) | 37 (10%) | |
| BMI2,5 | Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 27 (2.7%) | 11 (2.1%) | – | – |
| Normal (18.5–25 kg/m2) | 636 (63.6%) | 334 (63.6%) | 412 (41.2%) | 136 (36.9%) | |
| Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) | 218 (21.8%) | 122 (23.2%) | 446 (44.6%) | 175 (47.4%) | |
| Obese (30–35 kg/m2) | 74 (7.4%) | 39 (7.4%) | 92 (9.2%) | 38 (10.3%) | |
| Excessive obese (>35 kg/m2) | 31 (3.1%) | 8 (1.5%) | 16 (1.6%) | 17 (4.6%) | |
| NA | 14 (1.4%) | 11 (2.1%) | 34 (3.4%) | 3 (0.8%) | |
| Education2 | <Vocational school | 161 (16.1%) | 63 (12%) | 340 (34%) | 95 (25.7%) |
| High school | 213 (21.3%) | 82 (15.6%) | 191 (19.1%) | 67 (18.2%) | |
| University ≤4 years | 382 (38.2%) | 223 (42.5%) | 259 (25.9%) | 106 (28.7%) | |
| University >4 years | 230 (23%) | 152 (29%) | 205 (20.5%) | 99 (26.8%) | |
| NA | 14 (1.4%) | 5 (1%) | 5 (0.5%) | 2 (0.5%) | |
| Parity2,6 | 0 | 477 (47.7%) | 364 (69.3%) | 477 (47.7%) | 256 (69.4%) |
| 1 | 346 (34.6%) | 130 (24.8%) | 346 (34.6%) | 94 (25.5%) | |
| 2 | 147 (14.7%) | 27 (5.1%) | 147 (14.7%) | 15 (4.1%) | |
| 3+ | 30 (3%) | 4 (0.8%) | 30 (3%) | 4 (1.1%) | |
1
Mean (SD).
2
N (%).
3
For mothers, self-reported smoking status 3 months before pregnancy was considered. For fathers, self-reported smoking status before and during their partner’s pregnancy was considered.
4
For mothers, self-reported alcohol consumption 3 months before pregnancy was considered. For fathers, self-reported alcohol consumption 6 months before their partner’s pregnancy was considered.
5
For mothers, self-reported pre-pregnancy BMI was considered.
6
The parity of mothers.