Table 1.
Overview of research on gut microbiota and thyroid diseases.
| Diseases | Country | Year | Sample size | Methods | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC | China | 2018 | 30 TC, 35 HC | 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metabolomics | (16) |
| TC & TN | China | 2018 | 20 TC, 18 TN, 36 HC | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | (17) |
| TC | China | 2022 | 90 TC, 90 HC | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | (18) |
| AITD (HT) | China | 2017 | 29 HT, 12 HC | DGGE, RT-PCR, Pyrosequencing | (19) |
| AITD (HT) | China | 2018 | 28 HT, 16 HC | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | (20) |
| AITD (HT) | China | 2020 | 63 HT, 34 HC | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | (21) |
| AITD (HT and GD) | Spain | 2020 | 9 HT, 9 GD, 11 HC | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | (22) |
| AITD (HT and GD) | Egypt | 2021 | 7 HT, 13 GD, 30 HC | SYBR green RT-PCR | (23) |
| AITD (hyperthyroidism) | China | 2014 | 14 hyperthyroidism, 7 HC | DGGE, RT-PCR, sequencing | (24) |
| AITD (GD) | China and Pakistan | 2018 | 27 GD, 11 HC | DGGE, RT-PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | (25) |
| AITD (GD) | China | 2021 | 45 GD, 59 HC | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | (26) |
| AITD (GD) | China | 2021 | 15 GD, 14 HC | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | (27) |
| hypothyroidism | China | 2020 | 52 hypothyroidism, 40 HC | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | (28) |
| subclinical hypothyroidism | China | 2020 | 117 patients | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | (29) |
TC, thyroid cancer; HC, healthy controls; TN, thyroid nodule; AITD, autoimmunity thyroid diseases; HT, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; GD, Graves’ Disease; RT-PCR, real time-polymerase chain reaction; DGGE, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.