Figure 1.

Cell-cycle progression is regulated by pressure

(A) Schematic of experimental setup (left) and capsule midplane at encapsulation time (bottom right) (STAR Methods).

(B) Timeline of monolayer growth (top) and confocal midplane images of FUCCI cells in 2.5% capsule (bottom).

(C) Cell number over time for FUCCI cells encapsulated in 2.5% capsules. See Figure S3 for cell density over time.

(D) Schematic of FUCCI cell-cycle marker.

(E) Mean cell fraction in S-G2-M (green) and G1/G0 (red) phases over time in 2.5% alginate capsules. See Figure S3 for G1 and S-G2-M cell numbers.

(F) Schematic of capsule expansion and wall thinning with inner (yellow) and outer (red) boundaries used to measure pressure.

(G) Confocal midplane image of capsule showing capsule expansion over time; white circular contour shows inner perimeter of the capsules at T = 0 h.

(H) Mean normalized thickness of 2.5% capsules over time.

(I) Mean pressure (kPa) over time for 2.5% capsules.

(J) Mean FDCs over mean pressure (kPa).

For (C)–(J), 3 experiments, n = 20 capsules. Scale bars, 100 μm.