TABLE 4.

Summary of HIGS application for control of nematodes.

Pathogen	Host	RNA type	Target gene(s)	Main effect(s)	References
M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, M. hapla/Root-knot nematodes	Arabidopsis	dsRNA	16D10	Resistant to multiple root-knot nematode species	Huang et al., 2006
Heterodera schachtii/Sugar beet cyst nematode	Arabidopsis	dsRNA	30D08	Less susceptible to nematode infection	Verma et al., 2018
M. hapla, M. arenaria M. graminicola/Root-knot nematode	Arabidopsis	dsRNA	Mi-msp2	Reduced parasitism	Joshi et al., 2019
Meloidogyne incognita/Root-knot nematode	Arabidopsis	dsRNA	rsd-3 xpo-1 xpo-2 drh-3 drsh-1 pash-1 vig-1 ego-1 smg-2 smg-6 eri-1 gfl-1 mut-7 mes-2 mes-6 rha-1 ekl-4 ppw-2 csr-1 2242	Significant reduction in nematode infectivity for drsh-1, mut-7, drh-3, rha-1, pash-1, and vig-1 genes	Iqbal et al., 2020
Meloidogyne chitwoodi/Root-knot nematode	Arabidopsis Potato	dsRNA	16D10	Enhanced resistance against Meloidogyne chitwoodi in two plants	Dinh et al., 2014
Meloidogyne incognita/Root-knot nematode	Chardonnay grape	siRNA	16D10	Inhibition of the nematode infection	Yang et al., 2013
Meloidogyne incognita/Southern root-knot nematode	Eggplant	dsRNA/ siRNA	msp-18 msp-20	Improved resistance in eggplant	Shivakumara et al., 2017
Meloidogyne incognita/Root-knot nematode	Adzuki bean Tobacco	dsRNA	Mi-sbp-1	Slower nematode development and reduced parasitism on plants	Shivakumara et al., 2019
Meloidogyne incognita/Root-knot nematode	Eggplant	dsRNA/siRNA	Mi-msp-1	Enhanced nematode resistance	Chaudhary et al., 2019
Heterodera glycines/Soybean cyst nematode	Soybean	amiRNA	J15 J20 J23	Significant suppression on SCN cyst and egg populations	Tian et al., 2016
Heterodera glycines/Soybean cyst nematode	Soybean	hpRNA	HgY25 HgPrp17	Significant reductions in numbers of SCN cysts and eggs	Tian et al., 2019
Heterodera avenae/Cereal cyst nematode	Wheat	dsRNA	Galectin, cathepsin L, vap1, serpin, flp12, RanBPM chitinase	Reduced nematode penetration, development and reproduction	Dutta et al., 2020
Meloidogyne graminicola/Root-knot nematode	Rice	hpRNA	flp-1 flp-12	Reduction in gall formation, significant decrease in total number of endoparasites	Hada et al., 2020
Meloidogyne incognita/Root-knot nematode	Tobacco	dsRNA	Chitin synthase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, trehalase	Rreduced egg mass and egg number	Mani et al., 2020
Meloidogyne incognita/Root-knot nematode	Arabidopsis	hpRNA	MiPDI1	Reduced the amount of M. incognita infection	Zhao et al., 2020

hpRNA, hairpin RNA; amiRNA, artificial micro RNA; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA.