Figure 4.

Diet and gut microbiota interact to modulate host's glucose metabolism. (A) Association between fasting blood glucose parameters and α-diversity or first principal component (PC1) of β-diversity measured for each diet determined by using Spearman correlation. As indicated, red represents a positive correlation and blue represents a negative correlation. P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using BH method. “***” = adj.p < 0.001, “**” = adj.p < 0.01, “*” = adj.p < 0.05, and “.” = adj.p < 0.10. (B) Volcano plot of the differential genera abundance between high (above median) and low (below median) fasting blood glucose in mice maintained on western diet determined by ANCOM analysis. Structural zero represents the presence of the bacteria in one group and the complete absence in another group. (C–E) Relative abundance of the Akkermansia in mice with high (above median) and low (below median) fasting blood glucose levels in mice maintained on the (C) KD, (D) MeD, and (E) WD. Mean abundance was compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. For (C–E), “***” = p < 0.001, and “ns” = not significant. (F) Differential genera abundance between high (above median) and low (below median) glucose metabolism parameters determined by ANCOM analysis. 20 most differentially abundant (based on cumulative ANCOM W-value) were selected for the graph. For easier presentation, ANCOM W values were converted to negative if CLR effect size is negative. Red indicates higher genera abundance in the above-median group and blue bacteria represents higher genera abundance in the below-median group. White represents a non-significant result obtained from ANCOM analysis. Models were adjusted for mouse strain and sex as confounding factors. ANCOM models were FDR (BH-method) corrected for multiple comparisons and a significant sub-hypothesis test at level adj.P < 0.05 was counted toward the W value. The median was calculated for each diet. For (F), “***” = ≥W_0.9, “**” = ≥W_0.8, “*” = ≥W_0.7, and “.” = ≥W_0.6.