Table 4.
Child growth and obesity outcomes by maternal and infancy exposure to PFOS and PFOA. All beta estimates (95% CI) p-value represent the effect per 1-ng/mL change in the respective compound. All estimates are adjusted for parity, ethnicity, fish oil intervention, CMPF (biomarker for fish intake), maternal BMI, maternal height, maternal social circumstances and urban–rural gradient. Effects of infancy exposure is further adjusted for breastfeeding duration. Pregnancy exposure is shown as the mean of pregnancy week 24 and 1 week postpartum levels and infancy exposure as the mean of 6 and 18 month levels. Stars indicate statistical significant interaction between child sex and PFOS/PFOA.
| Pregnancy | Infancy | |
|---|---|---|
| PFOS | ||
| Adiposity rebound | 0.01 [−0.04; 0.05] 0.81 | 0.02 [−0.03; 0.08] 0.41 |
| DXA fat %, 6 yr | 0.01 [−0.02; 0.05] 0.41 * | 0.01 [−0.03; 0.05] 0.70 |
| BMI z-score 6 yrs | −0.02 [−0.04; 0.01] 0.22 * | −0.03 [−0.06; 0.01] 0.10 |
| BMI z-score 8 yrs | −0.01 [−0.04; 0.02] 0.58 | −0.01 [−0.05; 0.02] 0.48 |
| BMI z-score 10 yrs | −0.02 [−0.05; 0.02] 0.38 | −0.02 [−0.06; 0.02] 0.33 |
| Height z-score 6 yrs | −0.01 [−0.04; 0.02] 0.35 | −0.06 [−0.10; −0.03] <0.01 |
| Height z-score 8 yrs | −0.02 [−0.05; 0.01] 0.25 | −0.06 [−0.10; −0.03] <0.01 |
| Height z-score 10 yrs | −0.02 [−0.05; 0.01] 0.27 | −0.05 [−0.09; −0.01] <0.01 |
| BCA 10 yr FFMI | −0.04 [−0.08; 0.00] 0.05 | −0.04 [−0.09; 0.01] 0.09 |
| BCA 10 yr FMI | 0.00 [−0.05; 0.05] 0.97 | 0.01 [−0.05; 0.07] 0.72 |
| PFOA | ||
| Adiposity rebound | −0.19 [−0.40; 0.02] 0.08 | 0.01 [−0.07; 0.09] 0.82 |
| DXA fat %, 6 yr | 0.13 [−0.02; 0.29] 0.09 | 0.01 [−0.05; 0.07] 0.67 |
| BMI z-score 6 yrs | −0.03 [−0.15; 0.09] 0.67 | −0.03 [−0.08; 0.02] 0.23 |
| BMI z-score 8 yrs | 0.04 [−0.10; 0.18] 0.55 | 0.00 [−0.06; 0.05] 0.89 |
| BMI z-score 10 yrs | 0.11 [−0.05; 0.27] 0.18 | −0.01 [−0.07; 0.05] 0.79 |
| Height z-score 6 yrs | 0.18 [0.05; 0.31] <0.01 | −0.03 [−0.08; 0.02] 0.29 |
| Height z-score 8 yrs | 0.18 [0.05; 0.31] <0.01 | −0.03 [−0.08; 0.02] 0.28 |
| Height z-score 10 yrs | 0.21 [0.07; 0.36] <0.01 | −0.01 [−0.07; 0.04] 0.67 |
| BCA 10 yr FFMI | 0.00 [−0.17; 0.2] 0.96 | −0.01 [−0.08; 0.06] 0.86 |
| BCA 10 yr FMI | 0.18 [−0.03; 0.39] 0.09 | 0.01 [−0.07; 0.09] 0.75 |