Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| N (%) or M (SD) | |
|---|---|
| Age | 54 (16) |
| Sex | 7 (37) |
| Male | 7 (37) |
| Female | 12 (63) |
| Race | |
| White | 13 (68) |
| Black | 1 (5.3) |
| Other/Prefer not to answer | 5 (26) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Hispanic | 1 (5) |
| Non-Hispanic | 15 (79) |
| Prefer not to answer | 3 (16) |
| Education | |
| High school graduate/GED | 9 (47) |
| College/technical school graduate | 10 (53) |
| Employment | |
| Employed | 3 (16) |
| Unemployed | 16 (84) |
| Disability | |
| Disability compensation | 6 (32) |
| No disability compensation | 13 (68) |
| Income | |
| <$22,500 | 10 (53) |
| $22,501–45,000 | 2 (10) |
| $45,001–100,000 | 3 (16) |
| >$100,000 | 3 (16) |
| Prefer not to answer | 1 (5) |
| Spine surgeries | |
| None | 11 (58) |
| One or more | 8 (42) |
| Back pain duration | |
| <5 years | 1(5) |
| 5+ years | 18 (95) |
| Depression | 58.1 (8.2) |
| Anxiety | 58.4 (11.1) |
| Pain interference | 63.3 (3.7) |
| Pain intensity | 6.0 (1.5) |
| Catastrophizing | 17.8 (11.8) |
| Mindfulness | 10.1 (7.1) |
| Opioid dose (mg morphine equivalent; MME) | 116.5 (152.3) |