Table 1.
List of putative genes involved at different steps of the lichenization process
| 1 | High light tolerance | ||||
| Rhodopsin | Present in LFA/Absent in nLFA | Photobiont | Keller et al. (2022) | ||
| D1 reaction center protein of photosystem II | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Photobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | ||
| Glutathione S-transferase | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Keller et al. (2022) | ||
| 2 | Desiccation tolerance | ||||
| DRP/Ferritin-like domains | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Carniel et al. (2016) | ||
| Ferritin-like domains | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Keller et al. (2022) | ||
| Archeal ATPases | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Armaleo et al. (2019) | ||
| DRP | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Armaleo et al. (2019) | ||
| 3 | Presymbiotic dialog | ||||
| Reviewed in Nazem-Bokaee et al. (2021) | |||||
| 4 | Establishment of the symbiotic interface to obtain a mature lichen | ||||
| Cell wall modification | |||||
| Degradation of algal cell wall | GH2, GH12 | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Mycobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | |
| GH8 | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Keller et al. (2022) | ||
| GH26 | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Keller et al. (2022) | ||
| GH31 | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Keller et al. (2022) | ||
| Degradation of fungal cell wall | 1,3-beta-glucanase | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Mycobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | |
| CAZ (Carbohydrates active enzymes) | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Armaleo et al. (2019) | ||
| Hydrophobic layer | |||||
| Hydrophobins | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Mycobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | ||
| Polyketide synthases | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Mycobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | ||
| Lipids and fatty acid | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Mycobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | ||
| Reciprocal boundary interactions | |||||
| Ankyrin domain proteins | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Mycobiont & Photobiont | Armaleo et al. (2019) | ||
| 5 | Nutrients exchanges | ||||
| Carbohydrates exchanges | |||||
| Polyol transporter | Differentially expressed in Co-culture | Mycobiont | Armaleo et al. (2019) | ||
| Ribitol transporter | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Mycobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | ||
| Sorbitol dehydrogenase | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Photobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | ||
| Short-chain dehydrogenase | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Keller et al. (2022) | ||
| Sugar/inositol transporter | In expansion in photobionts genomes | Photobiont | Keller et al. (2022) | ||
| Photosynthesis related genes | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Photobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | ||
| Nitrate exchanges | |||||
| Ammonium transporter | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Mycobiont | Armaleo et al. (2019) | ||
| Uridiltransferase | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Photobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | ||
| Glutamine amidotransferase | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Photobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | ||
| Phosphorous exchanges | |||||
| Phosphate transporters | Differentially expressed in co-culture | Mycobiont & Photobiont | Kono et al. (2020) | ||
Note: In the tolerance against high light and desiccation stresses, in the presymbiotic dialog, in the establishment of a symbiotic interface, and in the nutrient exchange.