Table 3.
Within-Person Direct and Indirect Effects of Combined Pathways From Stress and Self-esteem to PLE and Paranoia via Anxiety, Sadness, and Self-esteem
| Estimates (SD) | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|
| Pathway from stress to PLE | ||
| Direct effect (stress → PLE)a | 0.029 (0.004) | 0.024 to 0.037 |
| Specific indirect effects | ||
| Stress → anxiety → PLEa | 0.019 (0.004) | 0.012 to 0.027 |
| ARMS vs FEPb | 0.007 (0.008) | −0.008 to 0.024 |
| ARMS vs high-schizotypyb | 0.016 (0.008) | −0.001 to 0.031 |
| FEP vs high-schizotypyb | 0.008 (0.009 | −0.009 to 0.032 |
| Stress → sadness → PLEa | 0.016 (0.004) | 0.010 to 0.024 |
| ARMS vs FEPb | 0.003 (0.007) | −0.012 to 0.017 |
| ARMS vs high-schizotypyb | 0.011 (0.005) | 0.002 to 0.024 |
| FEP vs high-schizotypyb | 0.009 (0.007) | −0.006 to 0.024 |
| Stress → self-esteem → PLEa | 0.020 (0.003) | 0.014 to 0.027 |
| ARMS vs FEPb | 0.001 (0.007) | −0.014 to 0.013 |
| ARMS vs high-schizotypyb | −0.001 (0.005) | −0.012 to 0.008 |
| FEP vs high-schizotypyb | −0.002 (0.007) | −0.015 to 0.013 |
| Contrasts of indirect effectsa | ||
| Anxiety vs sadness | 0.002 (0.005) | −0.008 to 0.011 |
| Anxiety vs self-esteem | −0.001 (0.004) | −0.010 to 0.007 |
| Sadness vs self-esteem | −0.004 (0.005) | −0.012 to 0.006 |
| Pathway from stress to paranoia | ||
| Direct effect (stress → paranoia)a | 0.082 (0.007) | 0.066 to 0.093 |
| Specific indirect effects | ||
| Stress → anxiety → paranoiaa | 0.015 (0.006) | 0.004 to 0.029 |
| ARMS vs FEPb | 0.015 (0.012) | −0.006 to 0.041 |
| ARMS vs high-schizotypyb | 0.004 (0.011) | −0.019 to 0.028 |
| FEP vs high-schizotypyb | −0.011 (0.012) | −0.035 to 0.010 |
| Stress → sadness → paranoiaa | 0.034 (0.006) | 0.023 to 0.048 |
| ARMS vs FEPb | 0.027 (0.013) | 0.001 to 0.058 |
| ARMS vs high-schizotypyb | 0.021 (0.010) | 0.002 to 0.045 |
| FEP vs high-schizotypyb | −0.006 (0.011) | −0.026 to 0.017 |
| Stress → self-esteem → paranoiaa | 0.040 (0.006) | 0.027 to 0.054 |
| ARMS vs FEPb | 0.024 (0.014) | −0.005 to 0.046 |
| ARMS vs high-schizotypyb | 0.013 (0.012) | −0.009 to 0.037 |
| FEP vs high-schizotypyb | −0.009 (0.013) | −0.037 to 0.017 |
| Contrasts of indirect effectsa | ||
| Anxiety vs sadness | −0.019 (0.010) | −0.039 to −0.001 |
| Anxiety vs self-esteem | −0.025 (0.009) | −0.045 to −0.008 |
| Sadness vs self-esteem | −0.006 (0.010) | −0.025 to 0.014 |
| Pathway from self-esteem to PLE | ||
| Direct effect (self-esteem → PLE)a | −0.099 (0.007) | −0.112 to −0.086 |
| Specific indirect effects | ||
| Self-esteem → anxiety → PLEa | −0.021 (0.005) | −0.030 to −0.012 |
| ARMS vs FEPb | −0.010 (0.009) | −0.026 to 0.009 |
| ARMS vs high-schizotypyb | −0.014 (0.008) | −0.027 to 0.001 |
| FEP vs high-schizotypyb | −0.004 (0.009) | −0.021 to 0.011 |
| Self-esteem → sadness → PLEa | −0.042 (0.007) | −0.057 to −0.029 |
| ARMS vs FEPb | −0.021 (0.015) | −0.047 to 0.010 |
| ARMS vs high-schizotypyb | −0.030 (0.014) | −0.055 to −0.003 |
| FEP vs high-schizotypyb | −0.010 (0.015) | −0.043 to 0.015 |
| Contrasts of indirect effectsa | ||
| Anxiety vs sadness | 0.022 (0.008) | 0.006 to 0.039 |
| Pathway from self-esteem to paranoia | ||
| Direct effect (self-esteem → paranoia)a | −0.209 (0.013) | −0.231 to −0.184 |
| Specific indirect effects | ||
| Self-esteem → anxiety → paranoiaa | −0.032 (0.008) | −0.044 to −0.017 |
| ARMS vs FEPb | −0.023 (0.012) | −0.046 to 0.002 |
| ARMS vs high-schizotypyb | 0.001 (0.012) | −0.021 to 0.024 |
| FEP vs high-schizotypyb | 0.024 (0.012) | −0.005 to 0.046 |
| Self-esteem → sadness → paranoiaa | −0.101 (0.012)) | −0.123 to −0.075 |
| ARMS vs FEPb | −0.100 (0.025) | −0.148 to −0.050 |
| ARMS vs high-schizotypyb | −0.058 (0.025) | −0.109 to −0.013 |
| FEP vs high-schizotypyb | 0.040 (0.023) | −0.006 to 0.082 |
| Contrasts of indirect effectsa | ||
| Anxiety vs sadness | 0.068 (0.015) | 0.039 to 0.097 |
Note: ARMS, At-Risk Mental State for Psychosis; FEP, first-episode psychosis; PLE, psychotic-like experiences; SD, posterior standard deviations; significant indirect paths, differences across groups and contrast of indirect effects (CI does not include zero) are presented in bold.
aEffects estimated without group variable included into the model.
bGroup variable included as a moderator of both a and b indirect pathways.