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. 2022 Jun 27;48(5):1053–1065. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbac071

Table 3.

Within-Person Direct and Indirect Effects of Combined Pathways From Stress and Self-esteem to PLE and Paranoia via Anxiety, Sadness, and Self-esteem

Estimates (SD) 95% CI
Pathway from stress to PLE
 Direct effect (stress → PLE)a 0.029 (0.004) 0.024 to 0.037
 Specific indirect effects
  Stress → anxiety → PLEa 0.019 (0.004) 0.012 to 0.027
   ARMS vs FEPb 0.007 (0.008) −0.008 to 0.024
   ARMS vs high-schizotypyb 0.016 (0.008) −0.001 to 0.031
   FEP vs high-schizotypyb 0.008 (0.009 −0.009 to 0.032
 Stress → sadness → PLEa 0.016 (0.004) 0.010 to 0.024
   ARMS vs FEPb 0.003 (0.007) −0.012 to 0.017
   ARMS vs high-schizotypyb 0.011 (0.005) 0.002 to 0.024
   FEP vs high-schizotypyb 0.009 (0.007) −0.006 to 0.024
  Stress → self-esteem → PLEa 0.020 (0.003) 0.014 to 0.027
   ARMS vs FEPb 0.001 (0.007) −0.014 to 0.013
   ARMS vs high-schizotypyb −0.001 (0.005) −0.012 to 0.008
   FEP vs high-schizotypyb −0.002 (0.007) −0.015 to 0.013
 Contrasts of indirect effectsa
  Anxiety vs sadness 0.002 (0.005) −0.008 to 0.011
  Anxiety vs self-esteem −0.001 (0.004) −0.010 to 0.007
  Sadness vs self-esteem −0.004 (0.005) −0.012 to 0.006
Pathway from stress to paranoia
 Direct effect (stress → paranoia)a 0.082 (0.007) 0.066 to 0.093
 Specific indirect effects
  Stress → anxiety → paranoiaa 0.015 (0.006) 0.004 to 0.029
   ARMS vs FEPb 0.015 (0.012) −0.006 to 0.041
   ARMS vs high-schizotypyb 0.004 (0.011) −0.019 to 0.028
   FEP vs high-schizotypyb −0.011 (0.012) −0.035 to 0.010
  Stress → sadness → paranoiaa 0.034 (0.006) 0.023 to 0.048
   ARMS vs FEPb 0.027 (0.013) 0.001 to 0.058
   ARMS vs high-schizotypyb 0.021 (0.010) 0.002 to 0.045
   FEP vs high-schizotypyb −0.006 (0.011) −0.026 to 0.017
  Stress → self-esteem → paranoiaa 0.040 (0.006) 0.027 to 0.054
   ARMS vs FEPb 0.024 (0.014) −0.005 to 0.046
   ARMS vs high-schizotypyb 0.013 (0.012) −0.009 to 0.037
   FEP vs high-schizotypyb −0.009 (0.013) −0.037 to 0.017
 Contrasts of indirect effectsa
  Anxiety vs sadness −0.019 (0.010) −0.039 to −0.001
  Anxiety vs self-esteem −0.025 (0.009) −0.045 to −0.008
  Sadness vs self-esteem −0.006 (0.010) −0.025 to 0.014
Pathway from self-esteem to PLE
 Direct effect (self-esteem → PLE)a −0.099 (0.007) −0.112 to −0.086
 Specific indirect effects
  Self-esteem → anxiety → PLEa −0.021 (0.005) −0.030 to −0.012
   ARMS vs FEPb −0.010 (0.009) −0.026 to 0.009
   ARMS vs high-schizotypyb −0.014 (0.008) −0.027 to 0.001
   FEP vs high-schizotypyb −0.004 (0.009) −0.021 to 0.011
  Self-esteem → sadness → PLEa −0.042 (0.007) −0.057 to −0.029
   ARMS vs FEPb −0.021 (0.015) −0.047 to 0.010
   ARMS vs high-schizotypyb −0.030 (0.014) −0.055 to −0.003
   FEP vs high-schizotypyb −0.010 (0.015) −0.043 to 0.015
 Contrasts of indirect effectsa
  Anxiety vs sadness 0.022 (0.008) 0.006 to 0.039
Pathway from self-esteem to paranoia
 Direct effect (self-esteem → paranoia)a −0.209 (0.013) −0.231 to −0.184
 Specific indirect effects
  Self-esteem → anxiety → paranoiaa −0.032 (0.008) −0.044 to −0.017
   ARMS vs FEPb −0.023 (0.012) −0.046 to 0.002
   ARMS vs high-schizotypyb 0.001 (0.012) −0.021 to 0.024
   FEP vs high-schizotypyb 0.024 (0.012) −0.005 to 0.046
  Self-esteem → sadness → paranoiaa −0.101 (0.012)) −0.123 to −0.075
   ARMS vs FEPb −0.100 (0.025) −0.148 to −0.050
   ARMS vs high-schizotypyb −0.058 (0.025) −0.109 to −0.013
   FEP vs high-schizotypyb 0.040 (0.023) −0.006 to 0.082
 Contrasts of indirect effectsa
  Anxiety vs sadness 0.068 (0.015) 0.039 to 0.097

Note: ARMS, At-Risk Mental State for Psychosis; FEP, first-episode psychosis; PLE, psychotic-like experiences; SD, posterior standard deviations; significant indirect paths, differences across groups and contrast of indirect effects (CI does not include zero) are presented in bold.

aEffects estimated without group variable included into the model.

bGroup variable included as a moderator of both a and b indirect pathways.