Table 5. Characteristics Associated With Experiencing Any Medically Attended Overdose During Study Period Among Beneficiaries With Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) in the Pandemic Cohorta.
| Characteristic | aOR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|
| Total, No. | 70 497 |
| Receipt of OUD-related telehealth service | 0.671 (0.634-0.710)c |
| Receipt of MOUD during study period | |
| No MOUD | 1 [Reference] |
| MOUD from OTP only | 0.540 (0.465-0.628) |
| MOUD from OTP and pharmacy | 1.367 (0.920-2.032) |
| ER naltrexone from pharmacy only | 0.889 (0.613-1.288) |
| Buprenorphine from pharmacy only | 0.905 (0.836-0.980) |
| Baseline sex | |
| Female | 1.072 (1.026-1.119) |
| Male | 1 [Reference] |
| Baseline age group, y | |
| 18-44 | 1 [Reference] |
| 45-64 | 0.699 (0.650-0.753) |
| 65-74 | 0.701 (0.645-0.761) |
| ≥75 | 0.650 (0.593-0.714) |
| Baseline race and ethnicity | |
| Non-Hispanic African American | 1.082 (1.011-1.159) |
| Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native | 1.029 (0.844-1.253) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander | 1.233 (1.007-1.509) |
| Hispanic | 0.917 (0.839-1.004) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] |
| Other race | 1.333 (1.029-1.727) |
| Baseline US Census region | |
| Northeast | 1 [Reference] |
| Midwest | 0.996 (0.871-1.139) |
| South | 0.870 (0.770-0.983) |
| West | 1.026 (0.897-1.173) |
| Baseline county urban-rural status | |
| Metropolitan | 1 [Reference] |
| Micropolitan | 0.912 (0.863-0.963) |
| Rural | 1.033 (0.901-1.185) |
| Baseline dual status | |
| Medicare only | 1 [Reference] |
| Medicare and Medicaid | 0.856 (0.814-0.900) |
| Time spent in nursing home from to end of study, quartile | |
| None | 1 [Reference] |
| 1st | 1.982 (1.799-2.184) |
| 2nd | 1.689 (1.527-1.869) |
| 3rd | 1.855 (1.684-2.044) |
| 4th | 1.116 (1.003-1.243) |
| Baseline other substance use disorder diagnosisd | |
| Alcohol | 1.179 (1.108-1.255) |
| Tobacco | 1.187 (1.132-1.245) |
| Cannabis | 1.233 (1.144-1.330) |
| Cocaine | 1.435 (1.305-1.578) |
| Stimulant | 1.302 (1.190-1.425) |
| Sedative/hypnotic | 1.313 (1.220-1.413) |
| Other psychoactive substance | 1.787 (1.675-1.905) |
| Baseline mental health diagnosisd | |
| Anxiety | 1.387 (1.321-1.456) |
| Bipolar disorder | 1.143 (1.079-1.211) |
| Major depression | 1.301 (1.241-1.364) |
| Personality disorder | 1.126 (1.041-1.219) |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 1.010 (0.924-1.104) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.916 (0.852-0.986) |
| Schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder | 1.142 (1.067-1.222) |
| Baseline other chronic medical conditionsd | |
| Cancer | 1.902 (1.796-2.013) |
| Diabetes | 1.156 (1.106-1.209) |
| Cardiovascular and other circulatory | 1.461 (1.375-1.553) |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 1.350 (1.293-1.410) |
| Viral hepatitis | 1.050 (0.975-1.130) |
| HIV | 0.971 (0.821-1.148) |
| Obesity | 1.060 (1.014-1.107) |
| Liver disease cirrhosis and other liver conditionse | 1.569 (1.487-1.656) |
| Acute/chronic pain | 1.308 (1.214-1.410) |
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odd ratio; ER, extended-release; MOUD, medications for opioid use disorder; OTPs, opioid treatment programs.
a
To enable mutually exclusive groups for the regression analysis, 27 beneficiaries (0.3% of beneficiaries receiving MOUD) that received both buprenorphine and ER naltrexone from pharmacies during the study period were excluded from the analysis.
b
Models adjusted for all variables in the table.
c
P < .05.
d
Reference group is not having condition.
e
Excluding hepatitis.