TABLE 2.
The application of the zebrafish model for the study of the relationship between exogenous substances and intestinal bacteria
| Category | Environment pollutants | Age | Exposure time | Exposure dose | Methods | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic | Streptomycin | Larvae | 10 days | 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 μg/ml | 16S rDNA sequencing using DADA2 | 87 |
| Tetracycline | Juvenile | 30 days | Low (1 μg/L) and high (100 μg/L) environmental concentrations | Histopathological analysis, Real‐time PCR for genes in the liver, Metabolite profiling, identification, and pathway analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, PICRUSt for functional prediction | 88 | |
| Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) or oxytetracycline (OTC) | Adult | 6 weeks | SMX (100 mg/kg body weight), OTC (80 mg/kg body weight) | 16S rDNA sequencing, Biochemical assay, Real‐time PCR for genes related to nutrient transportation | 89 | |
| OTC | Juvenile | 30 days | Low (1 μg/L) and high (100 μg/L) environmental concentrations | Real‐time PCR for genes of thyroid hormones in the brain, 16S rDNA sequencing | 90 | |
| SMX or OTC | Adult | 6 weeks | SMX (260 ng/L), OTC (420 ng/L) environmental concentrations | Biochemical assay, Gut morphology, Real‐time PCR for genes related to inflammation, 16S rDNA sequencing | 91 | |
| OTC | Adult | 2 months | Low (0.1 and 10 μg/L) represents environmental concentrations, high (10 000 μg/L) elucidates the mode of action | 16S rDNA sequencing, Behavior assay, Biochemical analysis, LC/MS nontargeted metabolomic analysis, Correlation analysis of changed bacteria and metabolites, Energetic reserves analysis, in silico metagenome analysis of functional profile inference | 92, 93, 94 | |
| Microplastic | Polystyrene microplastics (PS‐MPs) | Embryo | 7 days | 100 and 1000 μg/L of 2 sizes (5 and 50 μm) | 16S rDNA sequencing, GC/MS for metabolite analysis, Real‐time PCR for genes related to glycolysis and lipid metabolism, Measurements of oxidative stress | 95 |
| PS‐MPs | Embryo | 7 days | 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L | Biochemical indicator analysis, Real‐time PCR for glycolipid‐ and phospholipid‐related genes, 16S rDNA sequencing, LC/MS nontargeted metabolomic analysis, Correlation analysis of altered bacteria and metabolites | 96 | |
| PS‐MPs | Adult | 14 days | 100 and 1000 μg/L of 2 sizes (5 and 50 μm) | Histopathological analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, Real‐time PCR for genes related to inflammation | 97 | |
| PS‐MPs | Adult | 21 days | 50 and 500 μg/L | Histological analysis, Biochemical analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, 1H NMR for metabolomic analysis | 98 | |
| PS‐MPs | Adult | 21 days | Three sizes (100 nm, 5 μm, and 200 μm) | Histopathological analysis, Cytokine analysis for TNF‐α and TLR2, Single‐cell RNA sequencing for transcriptome heterogeneity of intestinal cells, 16S rDNA sequencing | 99 | |
| PS‐MPs and PS‐NPs | Adult | 21 days | 10 μg/L and 1 mg/L of MPs (8 μm) and NPs (80 nm) | 16S rDNA sequencing, Real‐time PCR for genes related to inflammation pathways in the intestine | 100 | |
| Environmental endocrine‐disrupting chemical | Methylparaben | Adult and larvae | Adult (96 h), Larvae (168 h) | Environmental concentration (30 μg/L) or non‐effect concentration (50 mg/L) | Evaluation of the utilization of the carbon sources by microbiota, Calculation of the Shannon diversity and Shannon evenness | 101 |
| Atrazine, estradiol, polychlorinated biphenyl [PCB]126, and PCB153 | Adult | 7 days | 1 μg/L nominal concentrations | Metagenomic sequencing, MEGAN analysis of the functional profile of gut microbiota, Measurements of oxidative stress, Biochemical analysis for intestinal and hepatic status | 102 | |
| Bisphenol A (BPA) and BPA alternatives | Embryo | 10 days | Semi‐log spaced concentration ranges | Behavior testing, 16S rDNA sequencing | 103 | |
| Estradiol (E2) | Embryo | 10 days | Non‐teratogenic concentrations, ranging from 0.34 to 3.5 μM E2 | Behavior testing, 16S rDNA sequencing, LC–MS/MS for targeted chemistry analysis, Nontargeted mass spectrometric analysis for metabolites identification | 104 | |
| BPA and E2 | Adult | 5 weeks | BPA (2000 μg/L), E2 (2000 ng/L) | TG content test in the liver, Real‐time PCR for VTG gene expression in muscle, 16S rDNA sequencing | 105 | |
| BPA | Adult | 3 months | 2 and 20 μg/L | 16S rDNA sequencing, Physiological analysis of the intestine | 106 | |
| Antimicrobial agent/fungicide | Triclosan | Adult | 7 days | 100 μg/g fish | 16S rDNA sequencing, Microbial correlation network analysis | 107 |
| Triclosan | Embryo | 10 days | 0.16–0.30 μM | 16S rDNA sequencing, LC–MS for targeted and nontargeted chemistry analysis | 3 | |
| Imazalil | Adult | 1, 7, 21 days | 100 and 1000 μg/L | Gut histological analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, GC/MS‐based metabolomic analysis, Real‐time PCR for genes related to glycolysis and lipid metabolism | 108 | |
| Carbendazim | Adult | 21 days | 30 and 100 μg/L | Determination of hepatic biochemical parameters, 16S rDNA sequencing, Real‐time PCR for genes related to glycolysis and lipid metabolism, Hepatic RNA‐seq analysis | 109 | |
| Triclosan | Adult and larvae | 120 days (larvae), 7 days (adult) | 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, 100, and 300 ng/ml | 16S rDNA sequencing | 110 | |
| Pesticide | Dieldrin | Adult | 4 months | 16 and 163.5 ng/g dry weight | Histopathology analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, Predicted relative metabolomic turnover to predict how the microbial alteration affects the exchange of metabolites | 111 |
| Difenoconazole | Adult | 21 days | 0.4 mg/L | Histopathological analysis of liver, Biochemical analysis, RNA‐seq for differentially expressed genes in the liver and real‐time PCR for confirmation, 16S rDNA sequencing | 112 | |
| Propamocarb | Adult | 7 days | 100 and 1000 μg/L | Histopathological analysis of liver, Biochemical analysis, Real‐time PCR for genes related to glycolysis and lipid metabolism in the liver, GC/MS‐based hepatic metabolomic analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing | 113 | |
| Imidacloprid | Adult | 21 days | 100 and 1000 μg/L | Gut histology analysis, Enzyme activity and ELISA detection in the gut, Real‐time PCR for oxidative stress‐related genes and inflammatory‐related genes, 16S rDNA sequencing | 114 | |
| Chlorpyrifos | Adult | 21 days | 30, 100, and 300 μg/L | Gut histology analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, Antioxidant enzyme analysis, Real‐time PCR for genes related to glycolysis and lipid metabolism, GC/MS‐based hepatic metabolomic analysis | 115 | |
| Persistent organic pollutant | Benzo[a]pyrene | Adult | 15 days | 100 μg/L | 16S rDNA sequencing, Real‐time PCR for genes related to inflammatory pathways in the intestine | 116 |
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers | Adult | 7 days | Environmentally realistic concentration (5.0 ng/L) | Metagenomic sequencing, Biochemical analysis in the gut and liver | 117 | |
| Sodium ρ‐perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate | Adult | 7 and 21 days | 3, 30 and 300 μg/L | LC–MS/MS for hepatic metabolites, 16S rDNA sequencing, Real‐time PCR for genes related to glycolipid metabolism in the liver, Gut microbiota‐differential metabolites correlation analysis | 73 | |
| Heavy metal | Lead | Adult | 7 days | 10 and 30 μg/L | Gut histopathological analysis, Real‐time PCR for genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism, 16S rDNA sequencing, GC/MS‐based hepatic metabolomic analysis | 118 |
| Lead | Adult | 14 days | 0.8 g/kg of food | Histological analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, Phylogenetic analysis | 119 | |
| Cadmium | Embryo | 7 days | Ecologically relevant concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 μg/L) | Locomotion analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, Real‐time PCR for neuronal gene expression | 18 | |
| Engineered nanoparticle | nTiO2, nZnO, nSe | Embryo | 3 months | 100 μg/L | Histological analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, Ecological process analysis, Network analysis for gut microbial interactions | 120 |
| Metalloid | Arsenic | Embryo | 20 days | Low (10 ppb), medium (50 ppb), and high (100 ppb) found in contaminated water | 16S rDNA sequencing using DADA and QIIME | 121 |