Table 2.
Pair-wise comparisons of kinematics and muscle activity level between conditions that simulate milking from behind the cow (SHL-P) and from the side (SHL-H).
| Mean difference (= Back - Side) | T19 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinematics (°) | |||
| Trunk flexion | −3.4 ± 4.7 | −3.2 | 0.005* |
| Shoulder horizontal adduction | 11.3 ± 11.9 | 4.3 | <0.001* |
| Shoulder elevation | −6.0 ± 5.9 | −4.5 | <0.001* |
| Scapular internal rotation | 1.1 ± 7.8 | 0.6 | 0.543 |
| Scapular upward rotation | 2.2 ± 6.5 | 1.5 | 0.144 |
| Scapular anterior tilt | 3.3 ± 12.5 | 1.2 | 0.249 |
| Clavicle elevation | −1.0 ± 6.2 | −0.7 | 0.469 |
| Clavicle protraction | −2.0 ± 6.3 | −1.4 | 0.901 |
| Elbow flexion | −3.8 ± 7.6 | −2.2 | 0.039* |
| Muscle activation level (%MVIC) | |||
| Anterior deltoid | 12.3 ± 9.1 | 6.0 | <0.001* |
| Upper trapezius | −0.6 ± 19.6 | −0.1 | 0.890 |
| Lower trapezius | −0.8 ± 2.8 | −1.3 | 0.194 |
| Neck extensor | 3.6 ± 11.1 | 1.4 | 0.170 |
| Erector spinae | −1.5 ± 5.0 | −1.3 | 0.204 |
*
Statistically significant at α = 0.05.