Table 1.
Participant Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Pre-COVID (n = 63) | Post-COVID (n = 81) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups | .001** | ||||
| 25 years or younger | 3 | 4.8 | 11 | 13.6 | |
| 26-44 years | 15 | 23.8 | 39 | 48.1 | |
| 45-64 years | 37 | 58.7 | 30 | 37.0 | |
| 65 years or older | 6 | 9.5 | 1 | 1.2 | |
| Language of survey | .287 | ||||
| English | 56 | 88.9 | 76 | 93.8 | |
| Spanish | 7 | 11.1 | 5 | 6.2 | |
| Gender | .304 | ||||
| Male | 28 | 44.4 | 46 | 56.8 | |
| Female | 32 | 50.8 | 33 | 40.7 | |
| Transgender | 3 | 4.8 | 2 | 2.5 | |
| Ethnicity† | .001** | ||||
| African American | 42 | 66.7 | 47 | 58.0 | |
| Latino | 8 | 12.7 | 33 | 40.7 | |
| White | 9 | 14.3 | 4 | 4.9 | |
| Other | 6 | 9.5 | 3 | 3.7 | |
| Highest education completed | .044* | ||||
| Less than high school degree | 25 | 39.7 | 17 | 21.0 | |
| High school degree/GED | 18 | 28.6 | 27 | 33.3 | |
| Some college or college degree | 20 | 31.7 | 37 | 45.7 | |
| Employment status | .005** | ||||
| Employed | 12 | 22.3 | 42 | 51.9 | |
| Unemployed/looking for work | 15 | 23.8 | 17 | 21.0 | |
| Disabled | 26 | 41.3 | 19 | 23.5 | |
| Out of the labor force | 8 | 12.8 | 2 | 2.5 | |
| Monthly income before taxes | .073 | ||||
| $0 | 15 | 23.8 | 10 | 12.3 | |
| $1 to $499 | 11 | 17.5 | 8 | 9.9 | |
| $500 to $999 | 14 | 22.2 | 17 | 21.0 | |
| $1000 or More | 23 | 36.5 | 45 | 55.6 | |
| Low health literacy | 34 | 54.0 | 24 | 29.6 | .003** |
| Housing status | |||||
| Unstably Housed (Past 2 months) | 12 | 19.0 | 20 | 24.7 | .419 |
| Worried about Housing Stability (Next 2 months) | 14 | 22.2 | 24 | 29.6 | .317 |
| Political engagement | |||||
| Registered to vote | 46 | 73.0 | 58 | 71.6 | .962 |
| Voted in 2016 Presidential Election | 32 | 50.8 | 42 | 51.9 | .808 |
| Self-rated health | .657 | ||||
| Poor/Fair | 18 | 28.5 | 22 | 27.2 | |
| Good | 25 | 39.7 | 27 | 33.3 | |
| Very Good/Excellent | 20 | 31.7 | 31 | 38.3 | |
| Health conditions† | .041* | ||||
| Asthma | 11 | 17.5 | 18 | 22.2 | |
| Diabetes | 20 | 31.7 | 9 | 11.1 | |
| Heart disease | 6 | 9.5 | 6 | 7.4 | |
| HIV/AIDS | 28 | 44.4 | 26 | 32.1 | |
| Mental health disorder | 7 | 11.1 | 7 | 8.6 | |
| Hepatitis C | 6 | 9.5 | 1 | 1.2 | |
| Substance use disorder | 8 | 12.7 | 3 | 3.7 | |
| Other | 9 | 14.3 | 4 | 4.9 | |
| Insurance status† | .357 | ||||
| Private insurance | 12 | 19.1 | 16 | 19.8 | |
| Obamacare | 3 | 4.8 | 6 | 7.4 | |
| Medicare | 9 | 14.3 | 9 | 11.1 | |
| Medicaid | 29 | 46.0 | 35 | 43.2 | |
| Other | 7 | 11.1 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| None | 7 | 11.1 | 19 | 23.5 | |
| Source of usual care | .042* | ||||
| Primary care provider | 43 | 68.3 | 38 | 46.9 | |
| Specialist | 9 | 14.0 | 10 | 12.3 | |
| Emergency room | 4 | 6.3 | 8 | 9.9 | |
| Urgent care center | 2 | 3.2 | 5 | 6.2 | |
| None | 5 | 7.9 | 8 | 9.9 | |
| Other | 1 | 1.6 | 11 | 13.6 | |
| Trust in Physician (agree/strongly agree) | |||||
| I trust my provider’s judgment | 58 | 92.1 | 69 | 85.2 | .129 |
| Provider puts my needs first | 56 | 88.9 | 62 | 76.5 | .262 |
| Provider does everything they should | 31 | 49.2 | 20 | 24.7 | .123 |
| Trust in Health Care System (agree/strongly agree) | |||||
| Patients have been deceived | 25 | 39.6 | 30 | 37.1 | .934 |
| Patients have been harmed | 25 | 39.6 | 24 | 29.7 | .179 |
| Do not always keep patient information private | 29 | 46.0 | 27 | 33.2 | .071 |
| Delayed getting care in the past 12 months | 19 | 30.2 | 26 | 32.1 | .814 |
†
Percentages may sum to greater than 100 since multiple responses were allowed; χ2: *P < .05.