Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 684 chronic dialysis patients of the DIVERS-I study stratified for diabetes and the use of beta-blockers.
| Baseline variables | All patients N = 684 |
Diabetes a | Beta-blockers b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes N = 291 |
No N = 393 |
Users N = 387 |
Non-users N = 297 | ||
| Age, y | 64.5 ± 15.3 | 67.2 ± 12.0 | 62.5 ± 17.1 | 65.0 ± 14.6 | 63.7 ± 16.14 |
| Men, n (%) | 422 (61.7) | 175 (60.1) | 247 (62.8) | 247 (63.8) | 175 (58.9) |
| Married, yes (%) | 316 (52.4) | 129 (49.8) | 187 (54.4) | 174 (52.4) | 142 (52.4) |
| Children, yes (%) | 474 (78.0) | 216 (82.1) | 258 (74.8) | 266 (79.2) | 208 (76.5) |
| Educational level, low (%) | 332 (56.7) | 167 (65.5) | 165 (49.8) | 185 (56.7) | 147 (56.5) |
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| Caucasian | 366 (58.1) | 129 (48.3) | 237 (65.3) | 197 (55.6) | 169 (61.2) |
| Asian | 80 (12.7) | 35 (13.1) | 45 (12.4) | 43 (12.1) | 37 (13.4) |
| Black | 184 (29.2) | 103 (38.6) | 81 (22.3) | 114 (32.2) | 70 (25.4) |
| Immigrant status, n (%) | |||||
| Native | 327 (52.2) | 120 (45.1) | 207 (57.3) | 175 (49.7) | 152 (55.3) |
| Immigrant | 300 (47.8) | 146 (54.9) | 154 (42.7) | 177 (50.3) | 123 (44.7) |
| Unemployement, c n (%) | 534 (88.6) | 239 (91.9) | 295 (86.0) | 297 (89.7) | 237 (87.1) |
| Smoking, current (%) | 108 (18.3) | 41 (16.1) | 67 (19.9) | 69 (21.2) | 39 (14.7) |
| Alcohol use, yes (%) | 161 (26.9) | 54 (20.8) | 107 (31.6) | 89 (27.1) | 72 (26.8) |
| BDI-II score | 12.9 ± 9.6 | 14.3 ± 10.4 | 11.9 ± 8.8 | 13.4 ± 9.7 | 12.2 ± 9.4 |
| Health related quality of life (SF-12) | |||||
| Physical component summary score | 38.1 ± 11.1 | 36.9 ± 11.0 | 39.0 ± 11.2 | 38.4 ± 11.1 | 37.7 ± 11.1 |
| Mental component summary score | 48.9 ± 10.8 | 47.6 ± 11.1 | 49.8 ± 10.6 | 48.3 ± 11.1 | 49.5 ± 10.6 |
| Dialysis modality, HD (%) | 600 (87.7) | 262 (90.0) | 338 (86.0) | 337 (87.1) | 263 (88.6) |
| Dialysis vintage, months | 12 (12-45) | 11 (4-41) | 13 (4-49.8) | 11 (4-45) | 14.5 (5-48.8) |
| Residual diuresis, ⩾ 100 ml/24h (%) | 487 (71.2) | 210 (72.2) | 277 (70.5) | 286 (73.9) | 201 (67.7) |
| KT/V (urea) HD, weekly | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 4.2 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 1.2 |
| KT/V (urea) PD, weekly | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.6 |
| Primary cause of renal failure, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes | 155 (24.4) | 155 (56.4) | 0 | 110 (30.3) | 45 (16.6) |
| Glomerulonephritis | 70 (11.0) | 18 (6.5) | 52 (14.5) | 41 (11.3) | 29 (10.7) |
| Renal vascular disease | 163 (25.7) | 54 (19.6) | 109 (30.4) | 97 (26.7) | 66 (24.4) |
| Other | 246 (38.8) | 48 (17.5) | 198 (55.2) | 115 (31.7) | 131 (48.3) |
| CVD, yes (%) | 308 (45.0) | 175 (60.1) | 133 (33.8) | 212 (54.8) | 96 (32.3) |
| Davies comorbidity d , n (%) | |||||
| No | 182 (27.1) | 2 (0.7) | 181 (46.9) | 78 (20.4) | 104 (36.0) |
| Intermediate | 370 (55.1) | 186 (64.8) | 184 (47.9) | 220 (57.6) | 150 (51.9) |
| Severe | 119 (17.7) | 99 (34.5) | 20 (5.2) | 84 (22.0) | 35 (12.1) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.0 ± 6.2 | 29.0 ± 7.0 | 25.5 ± 5.0 | 27.4 ± 6.6 | 26.5 ± 5.6 |
| Diabetes a , yes (%) | 291 (42.5) | 291 (100) | 0 | 190 (49.1) | 101 (34.0) |
| Treated for diabetes, yes (%) | 224 (32.7) | 224 (77.0) | 0 | 151 (79.5) | 73 (72.3) |
| Oral medication e | 57 (8.3) | 57 (19.6) | 0 | 30 (15.8) | 27 (26.7) |
| Insulin medication f | 184 (26.9) | 184 (63.2) | 0 | 131 (68.9) | 53 (52.5) |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure before HD | 146.8 ± 24.8 | 149.1 ± 27.3 | 144.9 ± 22.5 | 148.3 ± 24.8 | 144.7 ± 24.6 |
| Diastolic blood pressure before HD | 72.4 ± 16.1 | 69.3 ± 15.7 | 74.8 ± 16.0 | 71.5 ± 15.6 | 73.6 ± 16.6 |
| Systolic blood pressure PD | 141.1 ± 22.4 | 146.2 ± 23.2 | 138.4 ± 21.7 | 143.8 ± 22.5 | 137.3 ± 22.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure PD | 80.3 ± 13.9 | 78.9 ± 12.4 | 81.1 ± 14.7 | 81.0 ± 14.6 | 79.3 ± 13.0 |
| Hypertension, g yes (%) | 436 (63.7) | 211 (72.5) | 225 (57.3) | 275 (71.1) | 161 (54.2) |
| Anti-hypertensives, yes (%) | 502 (73.4) | 230 (79.0) | 272 (69.2) | 319 (82.4) | 183 (61.6) |
| Beta-blockers a | 387 (56.6) | 190 (65.3) | 197 (50.1) | 387 (100) | 0 |
| Alpha-blockers h | 59 (8.6) | 26 (8.9) | 33 (8.4) | 46 (11.9) | 13 (4.4) |
| RAS-inhibitors i | 288 (42.1) | 136 (46.7) | 152 (38.7) | 191 (49.4) | 97 (32.7) |
| Diuretics j | 355 (51.9) | 183 (62.9) | 172 (43.8) | 231 (59.7) | 124 (41.8) |
| Calcium-antagonists k | 230 (33.6) | 97 (33.3) | 133 (33.8) | 150 (38.8) | 80 (26.9) |
| Anti-depressants, l yes (%) | 65 (9.5) | 39 (13.4) | 26 (6.6) | 36 (9.3) | 29 (9.8) |
Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory (1979); BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HD, haemodialysis; KT/V, a number used to quantify haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatment adequacy; PD, peritoneal dialysis; RAS, renin–angiotensin system.
Diabetes mellitus was considered present in case of a self-reported physician’s diagnosis and/or use of glucose lowering drugs.
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC) codes C07AA07, C07AB02, C07AB03, C07AB07, C07AB12, C07AG01 and C07AG02.
No (paid) job.
Based on the presence or absence of 7 comorbidities (without primary kidney disease as comorbid disease). Low risk is classified as having no comorbid conditions; intermediate as having 1 or 2 comorbid conditions and severe as having 3 or more comorbid diseases.
Blood glucose lowering drugs: ATC codes A10BB09, A10BH02, A10BB03, A10BH05 and A10BX02.
Insulins and analogues: ATC codes A10AB01, A10AB05, A10AB06, A10AC01, A10AD01, A10AD05, A10AE04, A10AE05, and A10AE56.
Physician diagnosed.
Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists: ATC codes C02CA04 and C02DC01.
Agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system: ATC codes C09AA02, C09AA03, C09AA04, C09AA05, C09AA06 C09AA09, C09CA01, C09CA03, C09CA04, C09CA06, C09CA07, C09CA08, C09DA04 and C09DB02.
Diuretics: ATC codes C03CA01, C03CA02, C03DA04, C03DB02 and C09DA0.
Calcium channel blockers: ATC codes C08CA01, C08CA04, C08CA05, C08CA12, C08CA13 and C09DB02.
Self-reported.