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. 2022 Aug 17;13:912961. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912961

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, Yang, Sun, Tomiyama, Zhang, Leung, He, Dhaliwal, Invernizzi, Gershwin and Bowlus

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cytotoxicity of CD56^dim NK cells. (A) CD107a degranulation in CD56^dim NK cells were compared between PSC (n = 12) and HCs (n = 13). PBMCs were cultured with or without IL-2 for 16 h. After being washed with culture medium, the cells were re-incubated with K562 cells at serial E:T (PBMC effector to K562 target) ratios in the presence of anti-CD107a antibody for 4 h. The percentages of CD107a⁺ cells in CD56^dim NK cells were analyzed by FCM. (B) NKp46-mediated NK cells redirected killing of P815 target cells by purified CD16⁺CD56^dim NK cells from PBMCs. Percentage of apoptotic Annexin V⁺ P815 cells was compared between PSC and HCs. *, p < 0.05 (two-tailed non-parametric Mann–Whitney test). NK, natural killer; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; FCM, flow cytometry.