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. 2022 Sep 1;15:100. doi: 10.1186/s13048-022-01032-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — OS-related signaling pathways in ovarian aging. Excess levels of ROS promote the dissociation of the Keap1-Nrf2 complex and Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus to bind to AREs, thus promoting the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Sirt can deacetylate key proteins involved in the cellular stress response such as FoxO, and regulate both telomerase activity and mitochondrial function through PGC1α. The MAPK cascade signaling pathway is activated by ROS to deliver extracellular signals to the nucleus, promote apoptosis, inhibit proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest. AKT plays an important role in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis, and phosphorylated AKT can regulate a variety of downstream proteins (Bad, mTOR, Cyclins and Nrf2) to further regulate cellular apoptosis, autophagy and proliferation. FoxO senses cellular OS status and acts as a transcription factor to regulate cell apoptosis and the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Klotho regulates cellular oxidative homeostasis through the PI3K/AKT pathway, and the HPO axis through the FGF-Klotho endocrine system