Table 2.

Additional antioxidant therapy improving ovarian aging

Antioxidant Therapy	Therapeutic Effects Summary
Melatonin	• Increased fertilization rate, number of quality embryos and pregnancy rate • Acceleration of follicle growth, improvement of oocyte quality and increase of progesterone production • Improvement of primordial follicular hyperactivation • Neutralization of free radicals and increase of antioxidant enzymes activity • Enhancement of DSBs repair • Improvement of mitochondrial membrane potential • Increased telomere length • Inhibition of cell apoptosis
Vitamin C	• Reduced accumulation of OS damage products and inflammatory factors • Increase of antioxidant enzyme expression • Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation • Promotion of steroid production
Vitamin E	• Assistance of GSH-Px1 to exert antioxidant function • Upregulation of GLUT-1 expression • Inhibition of abnormal proliferation of TICs
Stem cell therapy	• Secretion of large amounts of EGF • Promotion of granulosa cell proliferation and oocyte maturation • Reduced autophagy in TICs
Antioxidant Monomer	• Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects • Maintenance of homeostasis between cell proliferation and apoptosis • Reduced condensation of nucleus chromatin • Promotion of damaged ovarian stem cell repair
TCM related	• Reduction of cell apoptosis • Decreased follicular atresia • Upregulation of antioxidant enzyme expression • Inhibition of primordial follicles loss

DSBs DNA double-strand breaks, OS Oxidative stress, GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase, GLUT-1 glucose transporter-1, EGF Epidermal growth factor, TICs Theca interstitial cells, TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine