Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristics | No. (%)a | |
|---|---|---|
| PPI non-users | PPI users | |
| Total | 447,267 | 53,735 |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 56.2 (8.1) | 59.4 (7.3) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 243,253 (54.4) | 29,352 (54.6) |
| Male | 204,014 (45.6) | 24,383 (45.4) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| White | 422,581 (94.5) | 51,240 (95.4) |
| Others | 24,686 (5.5) | 2495 (4.6) |
| Education | ||
| Higher | 220,614 (49.3) | 20,767 (38.6) |
| Upper secondary | 39,176 (8.8) | 3660 (6.8) |
| Lower secondary | 92,519 (20.7) | 11,203 (20.8) |
| Vocational | 22,670 (5.1) | 3563 (6.6) |
| Others | 72,288 (16.2) | 14,542 (27.1) |
| Household income (£) | ||
| <18,000 | 99,929 (22.3) | 18,700 (34.8) |
| 18,000–30,999 | 114,099 (25.5) | 14,956 (27.8) |
| 31,000–51,999 | 117,645 (26.3) | 11,560 (21.5) |
| 52,000–100,000 | 91,382 (20.4) | 6918 (12.9) |
| >100,000 | 24,212 (5.4) | 1601 (3.0) |
| Townsend deprivation index, median [interquartile range] | −2.2 [−3.7, 0.5] | −1.8 [−3.5, 1.2] |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.2 (4.7) | 29.1 (5.1) |
| Regular physical activity | ||
| No | 185,029 (41.4) | 25,213 (46.9) |
| Yes | 262,238 (58.6) | 28,522 (53.1) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | 249,076 (55.7) | 25,226 (46.9) |
| Former | 150,929 (33.7) | 22,604 (42.1) |
| Current | 47,262 (10.6) | 5905 (11.0) |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | ||
| 0 | 107,342 (24.0) | 17,191 (32.0) |
| 0.01–13.99 | 167,958 (37.6) | 18,331 (34.1) |
| 14–27.99 | 96,157 (21.5) | 9685 (18.0) |
| ≥28 | 75,810 (16.9) | 8528 (15.9) |
| Occupational exposure | ||
| Rarely/never | 355,224 (79.4) | 43,967 (81.8) |
| Sometimes | 57,614 (12.9) | 5383 (10.0) |
| Often | 34,429 (7.7) | 4385 (8.2) |
| Health conditions | ||
| Hypertension | 110,673 (24.7) | 22,237 (41.4) |
| Coronary heart disease | 16,831 (3.8) | 7377 (13.7) |
| Diabetes | 20,061 (4.5) | 5362 (10.0) |
| High cholesterol | 49,626 (11.1) | 11,814 (22.0) |
| Stroke | 5395 (1.2) | 1802 (3.4) |
| Traumatic brain injury | 1393 (0.3) | 222 (0.4) |
| Depression | 22,812 (5.1) | 5294 (9.9) |
| Anxiety | 5539 (1.2) | 1160 (2.2) |
| Sleep apnea | 1240 (0.3) | 368 (0.7) |
| Cancer | 33,592 (7.5) | 5739 (10.7) |
| GERD | 5183 (1.2) | 15,758 (29.3) |
| Barrett’s esophagus | 237 (0.1) | 1231 (2.3) |
| Gastroduodenal ulcer | 2765 (0.6) | 2840 (5.3) |
| Regular use of supplement or drugs | ||
| Statin | 68,147 (15.2) | 18,474 (34.4) |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 83,931 (18.8) | 19,782 (36.8) |
| Anticholinergic drugs | 38,032 (8.5) | 11,747 (21.9) |
| Benzodiazepines | 2424 (0.5) | 1013 (1.9) |
| z-Hypnotics | 1458 (0.3) | 611 (1.1) |
| Aspirin | 56,812 (12.7) | 12,648 (23.5) |
| Non-aspirin NSAIDs | 128,374 (28.7) | 20,366 (37.9) |
| Multivitamin | 139,534 (31.2) | 17,859 (33.2) |
| H2RAs | 7533 (1.7) | 1921 (3.6) |
| APOE genotype | ||
| APOE ε4 −/− | 310,111 (71.5) | 37,676 (72.3) |
| APOE ε4 +/− | 113,253 (26.1) | 13,280 (25.5) |
| APOE ε4 +/+ | 10,367 (2.4) | 1169 (2.2) |
Abbreviations: PPI proton pump inhibitor, SD standard deviation, GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, H2RAs H2 receptor antagonists, APOE apolipoprotein E
aAll variables globally significantly different between groups at P < 0.001, except for sex (P = 0.299)