Table 2.
Associations of regular PPI use with incident dementia
| Outcomes | PPI non-users (n = 447,267) | PPI users (n = 53,735) | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of events (%) | No. of events (%) | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| All-cause dementia | 2008 (0.45) | 497 (0.92) | 1.49 (1.35–1.65) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.05–1.29) | 0.003 | 1.20 (1.07–1.35) | 0.001 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | 752 (0.17) | 180 (0.33) | 1.41 (1.20–1.66) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.00–1.41) | 0.045 | 1.23 (1.02–1.49) | 0.031 |
| Vascular dementia | 392 (0.09) | 132 (0.25) | 1.99 (1.63–2.42) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.07–1.62) | 0.009 | 1.32 (1.05–1.67) | 0.017 |
Abbreviations: PPI proton pump inhibitor, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
aModel 1: Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age and sex
bModel 2: Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for model 1 and ethnicity, education, household income, Townsend deprivation index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, BMI, occupational exposure, hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol, stroke, traumatic brain injury, depression, anxiety, sleep apnea, cancer, and regular use of medications (statin, antihypertensive drugs, anticholinergic drugs, benzodiazepines, z-hypnotics, aspirin, non-aspirin NSAIDs, and multivitamin)
cModel 3: Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for model 2 and GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, gastroduodenal ulcer, and regular H2RAs use