Table 1.
Demographic and Health-Related Characteristics of Respondents, Bivariate & Final Model Association for Willingness to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccination with a $600 Incentive.1,2,3
| Categorical Variables | Frequency | Bivariate Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] | Multivariable Adjusted OR [95 % CI] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (N = 346) | |||
| Male | 169 (48.8 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 177 (51.2 %) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.38) | 0.98 (0.51, 1.89) |
| Age (years) (N = 346) | |||
| 60+ | 80 (23.1 %) | Ref | –4 |
| 45–49 | 92 (26.6 %) | 1.28 (0.61, 2.70) | – |
| 30–44 | 115 (33.2 %) | 1.90 (0.95, 3.77) | – |
| 18–29 | 59 (17.1 %) | 2.58 (1.20, 5.57)* | – |
| Race/Ethnicity (N = 346) | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 245 (70.8 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 42 (12.1 %) | 2.21 (1.13, 4.35)* | 0.93 (0.34, 2.58) |
| Hispanic | 40 (11.6 %) | 0.98 (0.46, 2.13) | 0.47 (0.15, 1.48) |
| 2 + races or other, non-Hispanic | 19 (5.5 %) | 0.55 (0.16, 1.96) | 0.41 (0.09, 1.86) |
| Annual Income (N = 346) | |||
| More than $150,000 | 53 (15.3 %) | Ref | Ref |
| $100,000–149,999 | 59 (17.0 %) | 1.17 (0.49, 2.78) | 0.79 (0.27, 2.30) |
| $75,000–99,999 | 50 (14.5 %) | 0.38 (0.12, 1.17) | 0.27 (0.07, 1.10) |
| $50,000–74,999 | 73 (21.1 %) | 1.57 (0.70, 3.54) | 0.85 (0.28, 2.52) |
| Less than $50,000 | 111 (32.1 %) | 1.78 (0.84, 3.78) | 0.92 (0.30, 2.84) |
| Education (N = 346) | |||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 62 (17.9 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Some college | 133 (38.5 %) | 1.10 (0.53, 2.29) | 2.40 (0.82, 6.92) |
| High school degree or less | 151 (43.6 %) | 1.87 (0.93, 3.75) | 3.11 (1.03, 9.42) |
| Political views (N = 342) | |||
| Very Conservative/ Conservative | 154 (45.0 %) | Ref | Ref5 |
| Moderate/Middle of the Road | 101 (29.6 %) | 1.18 (0.66, 2.11) | 0.90 (0.40, 2.04) |
| Very Liberal/ Liberal | 35 (10.2 %) | 4.04 (1.88, 8.67)*** | 4.25 (1.31, 13.80) |
| Prefer not to answer | 52 (15.2 %) | 1.13 (0.55, 2.36) | 1.56 (0.55, 4.40) |
| Region of the country (N = 346) | |||
| Northeast | 53 (15.3 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Midwest | 83 (24.0 %) | 1.20 (0.56, 2.59) | 1.51 (0.52, 4.33) |
| South | 143 (41.3 %) | 1.01 (0.49, 2.06) | 1.38 (0.50, 3.83) |
| West | 67 (19.4 %) | 0.87 (0.38, 2.00) | 1.32 (0.43, 4.11) |
| Household member ≥ age 65 (N = 345) | |||
| No | 255 (73.9 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 90 (26.1 %) | 0.67 (0.38, 1.19) | 0.55 (0.26, 1.17) |
| Ever had a flu vaccine (N = 346) | |||
| No | 169 (48.8 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 177 (51.2 %) | 0.97 (0.60, 1.56) | 0.92 (0.47, 1.80) |
| Health condition making COVID-19 more severe (N = 346) | |||
| No | 243 (70.2 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 72 (20.8 %) | 1.49 (0.84, 2.64) | 0.97 (0.41, 2.30) |
| Not sure | 31 (9.0 %) | 1.04 (0.44, 2.44) | 1.05 (0.31, 3.58) |
| Positive for COVID-19 (N = 343) | |||
| Believe to have had or tested positive for COVID-19 | 94 (27.4 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Do not believe to have had COVID-19 | 182 (53.1 %) | 0.82 (0.48, 1.42) | 0.76 (0.36, 1.60) |
| Unsure if have ever had COVID-19 | 67 (19.5 %) | 0.65 (0.31, 1.33) | 0.35 (0.14, 0.92) |
| View COVID-19 as a major problem in community (N = 345) | |||
| No | 232 (67.2 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 113 (32.8 %) | 1.85 (1.13, 3.03)* | 1.25 (0.59, 2.66) |
| Vaccine Uptake (N = 346) | |||
| Non-Acceptor | 194 (56.1 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Waiting | 152 (43.9 %) | 4.43 (2.65, 7.40)*** | 2.95 (1.41, 6.17)** |
| Scale Variables | Mean | Bivariate Regression Coefficient [95 % CI] | Final Model Association Incentives [95 % CI] |
| Perceived COVID-19 severity (N = 345) | 16.26 | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12)*** | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) |
| Effectiveness of behavioral strategies to protect self/others (N = 345) | 18.92 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11)** | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) |
| General vaccine attitudes (N = 343) | 18.85 | 1.12 (1.06, 1.18)*** | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) |
| COVID vaccine attitudes (N = 338) | 29.09 | 1.15 (1.10, 1.20)*** | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20)*** |
|
COVID vaccine reasons (N = 333) |
18.91 | 1.11 (1.08, 1.15)*** | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12)* |
1
Referent group in italics.
2
Bolded values are significant at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
3
The sample size for the bivariate models ranges from 342 to 346, the final model N = 319.
4
Age not included in final model.
5
Overall test of association was not significant; therefore, we did not interpret significance of pairwise comparisons.