Table 2.
Demographic and Health-Related Characteristics of Respondents, Bivariate & Final Model Association for Willingness to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccination with a $1200 Incentive.1,2,3
| Categorical Variables | Frequency | Bivariate Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] | Multivariable Adjusted OR [95 % CI] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (N = 346) | |||
| Male | 169 (48.8 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 177 (51.2 %) | 0.91 (0.57, 1.44) | 1.19 (0.62, 2.28) |
| Age (years) (N = 346) | |||
| 60+ | 80 (23.1 %) | Ref | –4 |
| 45–49 | 92 (26.6 %) | 1.15 (0.57, 2.33) | – |
| 30–44 | 115 (33.2 %) | 1.84 (0.96, 3.52) | – |
| 18–29 | 59 (17.1 %) | 2.05 (0.97, 4.31) | – |
| Race/Ethnicity (N = 346) | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 245 (70.8 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 42 (12.1 %) | 1.88 (0.96, 3.67) | 0.70 (0.25, 1.92) |
| Hispanic | 40 (11.6 %) | 0.83 (0.39, 1.80) | 0.30 (0.09, 1.00) |
| 2 + races or other, non-Hispanic | 19 (5.5 %) | 0.89 (0.31, 2.57) | 0.65 (0.17, 2.52) |
| Annual Income (N = 346) | |||
| More than $150,000 | 53 (15.3 %) | Ref | Ref |
| $100,000–149,999 | 59 (17.0 %) | 1.13 (0.49, 2.59) | 0.83 (0.29, 2.39) |
| $75,000–99,999 | 50 (14.5 %) | 0.31 (0.10, 0.94)* | 0.25 (0.06, 1.00) |
| $50,000–74,999 | 73 (21.1 %) | 1.45 (0.67, 3.16) | 0.94 (0.32, 2.76) |
| Less than $50,000 | 111 (32.1 %) | 1.70 (0.82, 3.49) | 1.16 (0.38, 3.52) |
| Education (N = 346) | |||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 62 (17.9 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Some college | 133 (38.5 %) | 1.08 (0.53, 2.17) | 1.88 (0.68, 5.23) |
| High school degree or less | 151 (43.6 %) | 1.74 (0.89, 3.41) | 2.26 (0.78, 6.55) |
| Political views (N = 342) | |||
| Very Conservative/ Conservative | 154 (45.0 %) | Ref | Ref5 |
| Moderate/Middle of the Road | 101 (29.6 %) | 1.06 (0.60, 1.86) | 0.76 (0.34, 1.70) |
| Very Liberal/ Liberal | 35 (10.2 %) | 3.27 (1.54, 6.96)** | 3.31 (1.00, 10.93) |
| Prefer not to answer | 52 (15.2 %) | 1.12 (0.56, 2.25) | 1.55 (0.57, 4.24) |
| Region of the country (N = 346) | |||
| Northeast | 53 (15.3 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Midwest | 83 (24.0 %) | 1.02 (0.49, 2.13) | 0.99 (0.36, 2.72) |
| South | 143 (41.3 %) | 0.79 (0.40, 1.57) | 0.80 (0.30, 2.14) |
| West | 67 (19.4 %) | 0.90 (0.41, 1.96) | 1.24 (0.42, 3.69) |
| Household member ≥age 65 (N = 345) | |||
| No | 255 (73.9 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 90 (26.1 %) | 0.71 (0.41, 1.23) | 0.56 (0.27, 1.18) |
| Ever had a flu vaccine (N = 346) | |||
| No | 169 (48.8 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 177 (51.2 %) | 0.82 (0.51, 1.29) | 0.55 (0.28, 1.07) |
| Health condition making COVID-19 more severe (N = 346) | |||
| No | 243 (70.2 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 72 (20.8 %) | 1.58 (0.91, 2.74) | 1.12 (0.48, 2.62) |
| Not sure | 31 (9.0 %) | 1.08 (0.47, 2.45) | 1.20 (0.35, 4.11) |
| Positive for COVID-19 (N = 343) | |||
| Believe to have had or tested positive for COVID-19 | 94 (27.4 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Do not believe to have had COVID-19 | 182 (53.1 %) | 0.71 (0.42, 1.21) | 0.58 (0.27, 1.21) |
| Unsure if have ever had COVID-19 | 67 (19.5 %) | 0.60 (0.30, 1.20) | 0.27 (0.10, 0.69)* |
| View COVID-19 as a major problem in community (N = 345) | |||
| No | 232 (67.2 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 113 (32.8 %) | 1.76 (1.09, 2.85)* | 1.23 (0.58, 2.61) |
| Vaccine Uptake (N = 346) | |||
| Non-Acceptor | 194 (56.1 %) | Ref | Ref |
| Waiting | 152 (43.9 %) | 4.44 (2.70, 7.28)*** | 2.85 (1.38, 5.90)** |
| Scale Variables | Mean | Bivariate Regression Coefficient [95 % CI] | Final Model Association Incentives [95 % CI] |
| Perceived COVID-19 severity (N = 345) | 16.25 | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12)*** | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) |
| Effectiveness of behavioral strategies to protect self/others (N = 345) | 18.92 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11)*** | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) |
| General vaccine attitudes (N = 343) | 18.85 | 1.13 (1.06, 1.19)*** | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) |
| COVID vaccine attitudes (N = 338) | 29.09 | 1.16 (1.11, 1.20)*** | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20)*** |
| COVID vaccine reasons (N = 333) | 18.91 | 1.12 (1.09, 1.16)* | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12)** |
1
Referent group in italics.
2
Bolded values are significant at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
3
The sample size for the bivariate models ranges from 342 to 346, the final model N = 319.
4
Age not included in final model.
5
Overall test of association was not significant; therefore, we did not interpret significance of pairwise comparisons.