Table 2.
Dietary intake of study population among MND tertiles
| T1 (n = 73) | T2 (n = 160) | T3 (n = 158) | P-value* | P-value** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macronutrients | |||||
| Energy intake(kcal) | 2080.39 ± 632.61 | 2514.71 ± 767.23 | 3008.79 ± 741.26 | < 0.001 | - |
| Protein (g/d) | 67.68 ± 21.36 | 84.65 ± 27.09 | 108.96 ± 29.79 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 289.23 ± 96.02 | 351.16 ± 113.78 | 432.45 ± 117.97 | < 0.001 | 0.06 |
| Fat (g/d) | 77.17 ± 29.25 | 93.54 ± 36.86 | 105.04 ± 32.44 | < 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Fat subgroups | |||||
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 215.65 ± 103.32 | 254.54 ± 110.55 | 296.07 ± 110.92 | < 0.001 | 0.84 |
| SFA (mg/d) | 23.36 ± 9.88 | 27.45 ± 11.41 | 31.70 ± 11.43 | < 0.001 | 0.06 |
| MUFA (mg/d) | 25.91 ± 11.38 | 31.86 ± 13.70 | 34.97 ± 11.78 | 0.001 | 0.015 |
| PUFA (mg/d) | 16.42 ± 9.19 | 20.21 ± 10.16 | 21.63 ± 8.68 | < 0.001 | 0.10 |
| Linoleic (g/d) | 14.48 ± 8.67 | 17.76 ± 9.57 | 18.37 ± 8.27 | 0.007 | 0.020 |
| Linolenic (g/d) | 1.00 ± 0.59 | 1.13 ± 0.69 | 1.39 ± 0.62 | < 0.001 | 0.50 |
| EPA (g/d) | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| DHA (g/d) | 0.04 ± 0.10 | 0.07 ± 0.07 | 0.14 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Trans fatty acids (g/d) | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.40 |
| Vitamins | |||||
| Vitamin A (RAE-mcg/d) | 486.22 ± 28.38 | 647.59 ± 281.32 | 1007.62 ± 428.20 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin D (μg/d) | 1.49 ± 1.38 | 1.75 ± 1.27 | 2.38 ± 1.78 | < 0.001 | 0.08 |
| Vitamin E (mg/L) | 13.66 ± 8.49 | 17.55 ± 9.88 | 18.01 ± 8.05 | < 0.001 | 0.10 |
| Vitamin k (mcg/d) | 177.30 ± 177.38 | 258.47 ± 270.48 | 366.74 ± 332.56 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/d) | 1.76 ± 0.57 | 2.03 ± 0.73 | 2.42 ± 0.69 | < 0.001 | 0.29 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg/d) | 1.81 ± 0.73 | 2.10 ± 0.80 | 2.66 ± 0.83 | < 0.001 | 0.06 |
| Vitamin B3 (mg/d) | 19.67 ± 6.75 | 24.64 ± 8.69 | 31.18 ± 10.42 | < 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Vitamin B5 (mg/d) | 4.86 ± 1.87 | 5.87 ± 1.76 | 7.76 ± 2.47 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1.57 ± 0.44 | 1.99 ± 0.62 | 2.69 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Biotin (mg/d) | 25.71 ± 12.54 | 34.29 ± 11.89 | 48.07 ± 17.35 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B9 (μg/d) | 493.29 ± 147.10 | 580.66 ± 183.01 | 719.04 ± 172.36 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 (mg/d) | 3.61 ± 2.70 | 3.97 ± 1.99 | 5.06 ± 2.64 | < 0.001 | 0.27 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 123.25 ± 82.52 | 163.25 ± 112.56 | 243.98 ± 110.39 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Minerals | |||||
| Sodium (mg/d) | 3691.58 ± 1746.51 | 4412.66 ± 1657.03 | 4919.27 ± 1734.17 | < 0.001 | 0.40 |
| Potassium (mg/d) | 3056.18 ± 1075.04 | 4066.22 ± 1398.84 | 5630.65 ± 1565.56 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Magnesium (mg/d) | 329.84 ± 106.28 | 441.70 ± 140.36 | 577.46 ± 162.80 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 1023.96 ± 438.88 | 1164.02 ± 486.77 | 1148.57 ± 542.75 | < 0.001 | 0.12 |
| Manganese (mg/d) | 5.84 ± 2.41 | 7.93 ± 3.88 | 9.19 ± 4.40 | < 0.001 | 0.14 |
| Zinc (mg/d) | 9.92 ± 3.41 | 12.47 ± 4.25 | 15.97 ± 4.71 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Iron (mg/d) | 19.85 ± 13.96 | 25.77 ± 21.35 | 30.13 ± 22.36 | 0.002 | 0.73 |
| Phosphorus (mg/d) | 1259.41 ± 428.15 | 1543.73 ± 470.75 | 1999.69 ± 525.34 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Selenium (μg/d) | 97.04 ± 33.16 | 123.71 ± 46.05 | 142.86 ± 52.74 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Copper (mg/d) | 1.47 ± 0.53 | 1.84 ± 0.58 | 2.45 ± 0.74 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| MND components | |||||
| Fish (g/d) | 5.89 ± 10.36 | 9.13 ± 8.31 | 15.15 ± 14.51 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Root vegetables (g/d) | 45.21 ± 22.20 | 66.78 ± 40.66 | 118.46 ± 58.89 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Apples, pears/high antioxidant fruits (g/d) | 63.30 ± 44.32 | 110.09 ± 84.17 | 179.31 ± 117.23 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Cabbages (g/d) | 147.83 ± 97.48 | 251.56 ± 205.44 | 412.25 ± 199.80 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Oatmeal (g/d) | 28.62 ± 15.61 | 45.15 ± 34.36 | 77.09 ± 53.50 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Rye/ wholegrain breads (g/d) | 22.51 ± 25.68 | 62.68 ± 69.10 | 77.78 ± 88.40 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
SFA saturated fatty acid, MUFA mono unsaturated fatty acid, PUFA poly unsaturated fatty acid, EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA Docosahexaenoic acid
Significant items with a P value < 0.05 are bolded
*P-values from independent samples t test
**P -value reported after adjusting energy intake with ANCOVA