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. 2022 Sep 1;46(1):47–55. doi: 10.1007/s10753-022-01726-w

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 1 — With the development of ARDS from exudative phase to rehabilitation and fibrotic phase, the macrophages are shift to classically activated macrophage(M1) with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, free radical to clearance of pathogens and induce tissue damage, then shift to the alternative activated macrophages(M2) for which to produce the anti-inflammatory cytokines to dampen the pro-inflammation, and produce the growth factors for promoting the tissue repair function.