Table 1.
Characteristics of individuals from the Gila River Indian Community in childhood and adulthood
| All | Males | Females | Full Pima | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Childhood | ||||
| N (% of total N) | 4212 | 1901 (45.1%) | 2311 (54.9%) | 1870 (44.4%) |
| Age at last childhood visit (years) | 16.2 ± 3.0 | 15.7 ± 3.0 | 16.5 ± 2.9 | 16.4 ± 3.0 |
| Year of birth | 1973.8 ± 12.7 | 1974.6 ± 12.4 | 1973.1 ± 13.0 | 1971.2 ± 12.2 |
| BMI at last childhood visit (kg m−2) | 28.4 ± 7.5 | 27.3 ± 7.4 | 29.2 ± 7.5 | 28.3 ± 7.3 |
| Maximum non-diabetic BMI (kg m−2) | 38.0 ± 8.4 | 36.4 ± 8.2 | 38.9 ± 8.1 | 37.8 ± 8.4 |
| Number of childhood risk alleles | 42.2 ± 4.2 | 42.1 ± 4.3 | 42.2 ± 4.2 | 43.1 ± 4.1 |
| Number of adulthood risk alleles | 11.8 ± 2.0 | 11.8 ± 2.0 | 11.9 ± 2.0 | 12.4 ± 1.6 |
| Rate of BMI change in childhood (kg m−2 per year) | 1.20 ± 0.65 | 1.15 ± 0.67 | 1.24 ± 0.64 | 1.18 ± 0.63 |
| Number of visits in childhood | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3.0 ± 1.5 |
| Follow-up time (years) | 7.1 ± 3.3 | 6.9 ± 3.3 | 7.3 ± 3.4 | 7.4 ± 3.3 |
| Degree of European heritage | 10.8% ± 14.0 | 10.3% ± 13.5 | 11.5% ± 14.6 | 3.3% ± 6.2 |
| Adulthood | ||||
| N (% of total N) | 3865 | 1582 (40.9%) | 2283 (59.1%) | 2106 (54.5%) |
| Age at maximum BMI (years) | 31.7 ± 6.1 | 31.4 ± 6.1 | 30.8 ± 5.9 | 29.4 ± 7.1 |
| Year of birth | 1963.0 ± 14.6 | 1963.8 ± 14.1 | 1962.5 ± 14.8 | 1958.2 ± 15.3 |
| Maximum non-diabetic BMI (kg m−2) | 37.2 ± 8.4 | 35.7 ± 7.8 | 38.05 ± 8.1 | 37.1 ± 8.2 |
| Number of childhood risk alleles | 42.2 ± 4.3 | 42.1 ± 4.3 | 42.3 ± 4.2 | 43.0 ± 4.1 |
| Number of adulthood risk alleles | 11.8 ± 2.0 | 11.8 ± 2.1 | 11.9 ± 2.0 | 12.4 ± 1.7 |
| Rate of BMI change in adulthood (kg m−2 per year ) | 0.42 ± 0.71 | 0.38 ± 0.72 | 0.45 ± 0.70 | 0.44 ± 0.66 |
| Number of visits in adulthood | 4.1± 2.1 | 3.7±1.9 | 4.3±2.3 | 4.3±2.2 |
| Follow-up time (years) | 10.8± 7.2 | 10.4±7.0 | 11.1±7.3 | 11.7±7.3 |
| Degree of European heritage | 10.2%± 14.8 | 11.3%±16.1 | 9.4%±13.8 | 3.1%±5.7 |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index. Characteristics of all the subjects with complete genotype information (>90% single-nucleotide polymorphisms successfully genotyped) that contributed to the mixed-model analyses. Maximum number of alleles in childhood and adulthood was 57 and 18, respectively. Data are reported as mean ± s.d.