Table 1.
A risk factor for COVID-19
| Risk factor | Virus | Mortality rate | Remark | Cited |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Older age | SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS | 10.0, vs. 4.9% among those with an age greater than 65 years | Elderly people have a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 | (Mehra et al. 2020; Petrilli et al. 2020; Williamson et al. 2020; Zhu 2019) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | SARS-CoV-2 | 10.2, vs. 5.2% among those without disease | COVID-19 mortality is significantly high in patients with cardiovascular disease | (Galbadage et al. 2020; Petrilli et al. 2020; Williamson et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020) |
| Coronary artery diseases (CAD) | SARS-CoV-2 | 15.3, vs. 5.6% among those without diseases | Patients with CAD had more severe conditions than non-CAD patients, according to studies | (Mehra et al. 2020) |
| Current vs former smoking | SARS-CoV-2 | 9.4, vs. 5.6% among former smokers or non-smokers | COVID-19 infection is more common in smokers | (Mehra et al. 2020; Williamson et al. 2020) |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | SARS-CoV-2 | 11.5, vs. 5.6% among those without arrhythmia | In patients with COVID-19, there is an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia | (Mehra et al. 2020; Williamson et al. 2020) |
| Type 2 diabetes (T2D) | SARS-CoV-2 | 7.8 vs. 2.7% | Diabetes patients are more likely to have a severe COVID-19 clinical course and a higher mortality rate | (Williamson et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020) |
| Obesity | SARS-CoV-2 | The case-fatality rate (CFR) was 2.3% among the 44,672, with obesity accounting for 7.3% (1,023) of the deaths with COVID-19 | Through immunological, biochemical, and anatomical mechanisms, obesity is a highly risk factor for severe COVID-19 | (Petrilli et al. 2020; Williamson et al. 2020; Yu et al. 2021b) |
| Sex | SARS-CoV-2, MERS | Men 60% versus 40% women | When compared to women, men have a higher risk factor for COVID-19 | (Docherty et al. 2020; Galbadage et al. 2020; Williamson et al. 2020) |
| Kidney diseases | SARS-CoV-2, MERS | 16% (2830 deaths out of 17,506 cases confirmed) | Chronic kidney disease was associated with higher mortality in hospitals | (Bhatraju et al. 2020; Cheng et al. 2020; Docherty et al. 2020; Williamson et al. 2020) |
| Hypertension | SARS-CoV-2, MERS | The CFR was 6.0 percent (1023 deaths out of 44,672 cases confirmed) | Hypotension might face a greater risk of developing into a critical or mortal condition | (Williamson et al. 2020; Wu and McGoogan 2020) |
| Cancer | SARS-CoV-2, MERS | The CFR was 5.6% (1023 deaths out of 44,672 confirmed cases) | Covid-19 causes severe problems in cancer patients | (Wu and McGoogan 2020) (Moni and Liò 2014; Williamson et al. 2020) |