Table 2.

Various health benefits of lycopene

Model	Lycopene (route/dose)	Analysis	Main outcomes	Duration	Conclusion	Cited
Male C57BL/6 mice	25 and 50 mg/kg/day	ELISA	TNFα↓, IL-6↓, IL-10↓, ROS production↓, SOD↓, NF-κB↓	12 h	Lycopene, via reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, was effective in preventing liver damage induced by long-term CS exposure	(Rocha et al. 2021)
Male Sprague–Dawley rats	5 mg/kg BW	ELISA	↑CAT, ↑SOD, ↑GPx, TNF-α↓, CRP↓	10 weeks	In T2DM rats, lycopene could reduce oxidative stress by reducing glucose and lipid peroxidation, as well as reduce inflammatory events	(Zheng et al. 2019)
STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats	10 or 20 mg/kg/BW	ELISA	SOD↑, GSH-Px↑, MDA↓	10 weeks	In diabetic rats, lycopene enhances glycolipid metabolism by reducing oxidative stress	(Yin et al. 2019)
Wistar male rats	4 mg/kg	ELISA, spectrophotometer	MDA↓, TOS↓, NF-κB↓, TNFα↓	3 months	Lycopene can alleviate inflammatory responses by reducing oxidative stress	(Icel et al. 2019)
Adult male Wistar albino rats	50 mg/kg	ELISA, spectrophotometer, qPCR	TNFα↓, iNOS↓, MPO↓, NO↓, GSH↑,	10 days	Lycopene prior treatment proved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects against acute pancreatitis (AP) rat	(El-Ashmawy et al. 2018)
Female Wistar–Albino rats	4 mg/kg/BW	Spectrophotometer	MDA↓, CAT↑, SOD↑, GPx↑, and GST↑	28 days	Lycopene possesses antioxidant properties that protect ovarian tissue against the toxicity of diabetic furans and non-diabetic	(Uçar and Pandir 2017)
Weanling ICR Male mice	60 and 1 mg/kg	ELISA, Immunoblotting	IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, HO-1↓	6–24 h	Lycopene can reduce LPS-induced inflammation and depression-like behavior by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines	(Zhang et al. 2016)
Male C57BL/6 mice	50 or 25 mg/kg/day	ELISA	IL-10↓, IFN-γ↓, TNF-α↓, SOD↑, CAT↑, GSH↑	60 days	lycopene has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties; it may be a promising novel treatment for acute lung inflammation and emphysema in mice exposed to CS	(Campos et al. 2019)
Sprague–Dawley rats	25 or 50 mg/kg	ELISA, Western blotting	TNF-α↑, IL-1β↑, IL-6↑, and IL-8↑, HO-1↑, COX-2↓	14 days	The anti-inflammatory properties of lycopene may be used as a therapy to protect against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury (SCII)	(Hua et al. 2019)
Male mice	20 mg/kg	ELISA, Western blotting	ALT↓, AST↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, MDA ↓, SOD↑, Nrf2↑, COX-2↓, NF-κB↓	2 weeks	Lycopene has been reported to lessen the liver damage brought on by LPS by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory damage	(Dong et al. 2019)
Adult male C57BL/6j mice	2 μM	Western blotting, luminex kit	IL-6↓, MCP-1↓, IL-1β↓, TNFα↓, NF-κB↑	24 h	Lycopene could prevent or reduce the prevalence of obesity-related diseases by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in adipose tissues	(Gouranton et al. 2011)
Macrophage and adipocyte cells	0.5–2 µM	ELISA, Western blot	↓IL-1β, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, JNK ↑, NF-κB↑	24 h	Lycopene has the potential to disrupt the vicious loop that occurs in adipose tissue between adipocytes and macrophages during obesity	(Marcotorchino et al. 2012)
Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice	Powder	ELISA	TNFα↓, IL-6↓, CCL2↓, CCL5↓, MCP-1↓, NF-κB↓, IκB↓, p65↓	12 weeks	Lycopene has beneficial effects on inflammatory responses, obesity, and metabolic disorders	(Fenni et al. 2017)
Airway epithelial cells	2.5 μg/ml	ELISA	IL-6↓, IP-10↓, NF-κB↓	48 h	Lycopene may also be effective in reducing rhinovirus-induced airway inflammation	(Saedisomeolia et al. 2009)
Sprague–Dawley rats	2 or 4 mg/kg BW	ELISA	ALT ↓, MDA ↓, TNF-α ↓, GSH ↑, HSC activation ↓	Orally for 6 weeks	Lycopene supplementation may help to prevent the progression of steatohepatitis by reducing high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress in the cells	(Bahcecioglu et al. 2010)
C57BL/6 mice	10 or 100 mg/kg	RT-PCR, spectrophotometer	CAT ↑, GSH ↑, TBARS ↓, IL1β ↓, Redox imbalance ↓	2 weeks	Lycopene can reduce the oxidative stress caused due to APAP overdose and subsequent liver damage in C57BL/6 mice	(Bandeira et al. 2017)
Sprague–Dawley rats	20 mg/kg diet		SOD ↑, CAT ↑, LDL ↓, GSHPX ↑	4 weeks	Lycopene's potential health advantages against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)	(Piña-Zentella et al. 2016)
Sprague–Dawley rats	2.5, 5 mg/kg BW	Spectrophotometer	CAT ↑, MDA ↓, ALT ↓, AST ↓, LDH ↓		Lycopene's antioxidant properties protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury	(Bayramoglu et al. 2015)
Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice	Rats: 1.1 mg/kg Mice: 1.1 mg/kg	Western blot, real time-PCR	IL-6 ↓, IL-1β ↓ IFNγ ↓,, Hepatic inflammatory foci ↓	4 and 3 weeks	Dietary lycopene powder can prevent alcohol-induced liver impairment and oxidative damage by inhibiting cytochrome p450	(Stice et al. 2015)
MI mice	10 mg/kg/day	Western blot, qPCR	TNFα ↓, IL-1β↓, NF-κB p65 ↓	4 weeks	Lycopene has been shown to have a cardioprotective effect by inhibiting local myocardial inflammation and apoptosis	(He et al. 2015)