Fig. 3.

Community-level dietary dissimilarity of large herbivores in 10 savanna ecosystems. NMDS ordinations visualize dietary dissimilarity (Bray–Curtis metric) within and among species. Points correspond to individual fecal samples; points farther apart are more dissimilar. Ellipses show 1 SD. Stress value and perMANOVA testing for significant dissimilarity among all species are shown in each panel. For repeatedly sampled sites, we chose one illustrative period from among those with the largest number of species and samples; data from all sampling bouts at these sites are shown together in SI Appendix, Fig. S6. Panels are ordered from northernmost (top left) to southernmost (bottom right) site. (A) Laikipia, Kenya, July 2016 (n = 149 samples, 10 species; wet season, 90-d rainfall 156 mm); (B) Serengeti, Tanzania, February–April 2018 (n = 129 samples, 8 species; wet season, 90-d rainfall 205 mm); (C) Nyika, Malawi, August 2017 (n = 137 samples, 6 species; dry season, 90-d rainfall 71 mm); (D) Niassa, Mozambique, August–September 2017 (n = 134 samples, 6 species; dry season, 90-d rainfall 0.2 mm); (E) Kafue, Zambia, August 2017 (n = 153 samples, 7 species; dry season, 90-d rainfall 0 mm); (F) Gorongosa, Mozambique, June–August 2016 (n = 262 samples, 13 species; early dry season, 90-d rainfall 233 mm); (G) Hwange, Zimbabwe, August–September 2016 (n = 36 samples, 5 species; dry season, 90-d rainfall 0 mm); (H) Kruger, South Africa, May 2017 (n = 59 samples, 3 species; early dry season, 90-d rainfall 106 mm); (I) Hluhluwe-iMfolozi, South Africa, November 2017 (n = 105 samples, 7 species; wet season, 90-d rainfall 135 mm); and (J) Addo, South Africa, February 2014 (n = 273 samples, 11 species; summer, 90-d rainfall 108 mm). Here, we relaxed the sample size threshold used elsewhere (n ≥ 10 per species) only for four populations in Hwange (in G).