(b).

Culture device	Key features	References
1. Spinning bioreactor	High cost and require a high volume of culture medium	[122]
2. Multiple-well culture plates with orbital shakers	Reducing the cost and consumption of the culture medium successful generation of cerebral organoids	[123, 124]
3. Miniaturized multiwell spinning bioreactor	Facilitate the establishment of brain region-specific organoids that mimic the dorsal forebrain, midbrain, and hypothalamus	[14, 95]
4. Collagen hydrogel systems	Consisting of interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons with supportive astrocytes and oligodendrocytes fiber for bioengineered organoids A highly interconnected neuronal network established in organoids at a macroscale tissue format.	[8]
	More importantly, the engineered organoids share structural and functional similarities with the fetal brain, potentially allowing for the study of neuronal plasticity and modeling of disease
5. Carbon fibers (CFs) for midbrain organoids	The porosity, microstructure, or stability CF scaffolds could improve efficiency in iPSC differentiation within organoids relative to the PLGA scaffolds. The midbrain organoids generated in the CF scaffolds could more efficiently enhance terminal differentiation and the survival of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons.	[59]
6. Brain organoids	The modified hydro-Matrigel with an interpenetrating network (IPN) of alginate has been employed to maintain the mechanical microenvironment for brain organoids, conferring the viable growth environment with the characteristic formation of neuroepithelial buds.	[125, 126]
7. Brain organoids	The platform of “tissue-like” cyborg stretchable mesh nanoelectronics were invented to provide seamless and noninvasive coupling of electrodes to neurons within developing brain organoids, enabling continuous recording of single-cell action without interruption to brain organoid development	[127]