Table 3.
The number of meals per day∗ made by the Colombian population between 13 and 17 years of age according to sociodemographic characteristics. National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia (ENSIN-2015).
| Variable | n | Mean | SE | P value† | Adjusted difference (95% CI) | P value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 7110 | 4.4 | 0.0 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Sex | 0.114 | 0.142 | ||||
| Males | 3402 | 4.4 | 0.1 | — | ||
| Females | 3708 | 4.3 | 0.1 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.0) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Height-for-age Z-score§ | 0.713 | 0.509 | ||||
| <−2 | 496 | 4.7 | 0.1 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | ||
| −2 to <−1 | 1369 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.2) | ||
| −1 to 1 | 2693 | 4.9 | 0.1 | — | ||
| >1 to 2 | 262 | 4.8 | 0.2 | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.3) | ||
| >2 | 69 | 4.6 | 0.2 | −0.2 (−0.7, 0.2) | ||
|
| ||||||
| BMI-for-age Z-score§ | 0.150 | 0.385 | ||||
| <−2 | 81 | 4.3 | 0.2 | −0.4 (−0.8, −0.1) | ||
| −2 to <−1 | 457 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | ||
| −1 to 1 | 3185 | 4.8 | 0.1 | — | ||
| >1 to 2 | 875 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | ||
| >2 | 293 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.4) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Education of head | <0.0001 | 0.001 | ||||
| <5 (primary or less) | 2065 | 4.2 | 0.1 | .0.1 (−0.3, 0.0) | ||
| 5 to <11 | 2402 | 4.3 | 0.1 | — | ||
| 11 to <16 | 2252 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | ||
| ≥16 (university) | 355 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 (0.2, 0.8) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Wealth index, quintiles| | 0.306 | 0.592 | ||||
| Q1 | 3432 | 4.2 | 0.1 | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.2) | ||
| Q2 | 1920 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.5) | ||
| Q3 | 1145 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.4) | ||
| Q4 | 613 | 4.3 | 0.1 | — | ||
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| ||||||
| Food insecurity in the home | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 2388 | 4.5 | 0.1 | — | ||
| Mild | 2585 | 4.4 | 0.1 | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) | ||
| Moderate | 1282 | 4.3 | 0.1 | −0.2 (−0.4, −0.0) | ||
| Severe | 855 | 3.8 | 0.1 | −0.6 (−0.8, 0.4) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Urbanicity | 0.344 | 0.780 | ||||
| Big cities¶ | 945 | 4.4 | 0.1 | — | ||
| 100.001 a 1.000.000 population | 1911 | 4.4 | 0.1 | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | ||
| 0 a 100000 population | 2514 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | ||
| Disperse population | 1740 | 4.3 | 0.1 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Country region | 0.857 | 0.290 | ||||
| Central | 1668 | 4.5 | 0.1 | — | ||
| Atlantic (north) | 1383 | 4.1 | 0.1 | −0.3 (−0.5, −0.2) | ||
| Oriental | 1176 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 (−0.0, 0.3) | ||
| Pacific (west) | 1272 | 4.4 | 0.1 | −0.2 (−0.4, −0.0) | ||
| Bogotá | 400 | 4.4 | 0.1 | −0.3 (−0.6, −0.0) | ||
| Amazonia-Orinoquia | 1211 | 4.3 | 0.1 | −0.1 (−0.3, −0.1) | ||
n The analyzed sample may be less than 7110 due to missing values. ∗Based on FFQ. †Test for linear trend for ordinal predictors. For sex, urbanicity, and country region, P is from ANOVA. All tests incorporated the complex sampling survey design. ‡From linear regression models with the number of meals as continuous result and indicator variables in the table as predictors except for height-for-age and BMI-for-age. The estimates for education come from a model that excludes the wealth index and food security, which could be on the causal path. The wealth index estimates excluded food security. § According to the WHO [48]. | The wealth index is a composite measure of a household's cumulative living standard. The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-collect data on a household's ownership of selected assets such as televisions and bicycles, materials used for housing construction, type of water supply, and sanitation facilities. ¶ Bogotá, Barranquilla, Medellín, CAli.