Table 4.

Overall coinfection rates in I. ricinus ticks according to the geographic areas of origin and to the tick-borne bacteria involved

Country	% Coinfection [95%CI]	Type of coinfection (%) [95%CI]
		B – Bm	B – M	B – R	Bm – M	Bm – R	M—R
Belgium	75.6 [73.7–77.5]	0.7 [0.4–1.3]	20.7 [18.6–22.9]	22.1 [20.0–24.3]	1.9 [1.2–2.7]	1.9 [1.3–2.8]	94.1 [92.8–95.3]
UK	42.8 [35.3–50.5]	0 [0–1.0]	13.5 [6.7–23.5]	14.9 [7.7–25.0]	0 [0–1.0]	0 [0–1.0]	87.8 [78.2–94.3]
Germany	7.4 [0.9–24.3]	0 [0–1.0]	100 [15.8–100]	0 [0–1.0]	0 [0–1.0]	0 [0–1.0]	0 [0–1.0]
Italy	19.2 [16.7–21.7]	2.6 [0.9–6.0]	86.3 [80.6–90.9]	7.9 [4.5–12.7]	2.6 [0.9–6.0]	1.1 [0.1–3.8]	18.4 [13.2–24.7]
The Netherlands	15.3 [12.1–18.9]	2.8 [0.3–9.8]	15.5 [8.0–26.0]	59.2 [46.8–70.7]	4.2 [0.9–11.9]	11.3 [5.0–21.0]	31.0 [20.5–43.1]
Sweden	33.5 [26.6–41.0]	1.7 [0.04–9.1]	61.0 [47.4–73.5]	18.6 [9.7–30.9]	3.4 [0.4–11.7]	1.7 [0.04–9.1]	30.5 [19.2–43.9]

Note: B, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.; Bm, Borrelia miyamotoi; M, Midichloria mitochondrii; R, Rickettsiella spp