TABLE 2.

The effect of high‐salt diet on immune‐regulated diseases in humans

Disease	Effect	Design of the Study	Salt intake assessment	References
Hypertension	Increased	Pilot clinical trial	2‐Week high‐salt diet	130
		Meta‐analysis	24‐h urine collection/sodium manipulation	166
Cardiovascular disease	Increased risk	Meta‐analysis	Multiple 24‐h urine collection	167
Multiple sclerosis	Increased disease activity	Cohort	Spot urine collection	168
	No association	Cohort	Spot urine collection	169
		Cohort	Semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)	170
		Case–control	Block Kids Food Screener (NutritionQuest)	171
		Case–control	Block Kids Food Screener	172
Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease	No association	Nested case–control	Semiquantitative FFQ	173
Systemic lupus erythematosus	Positive association	Clinical trial	5‐Week dietary regimen	174
Rheumatoid arthritis	Positive association	Nested case–control	Semiquantitative FFQ	175
		Case–case	Food Frequency Questionnaires	176
		Cross‐sectional and case–control	Semiquantitative FFQ	177
		Cross‐sectional	Spot urine collection (urine Na/K ratio)	178
		Case–control	24‐h urine collection and FFQ	179
		Clinical trial	5‐Week dietary regimen	174
Gastric cancer	Increased risk	Meta‐analysis	FFQ	180
Oesophageal cancer	Increased risk	Meta‐analysis	Validated questionnaires	181
Lung, testicular and bladder cancer	Increased risk	Case–control	FFQ	182
Renal cell cancer	Increased risk	Cohort	FFQ	183
Pancreatic cancer	Increased risk	Case–control	Questionnaire	184
Infection	Increased risk	Clinical trial	1‐Week high‐salt diet	82
Ischemic stroke	Positive association	Case–control	Spot urine collection	158
	Positive association risk of death; no association risk of onset	Meta‐analysis	Questionnaire/24‐ h urinary sodium excretion/overnight urine sodium/24‐h dietary recall/a self‐monitoring device	185
Cognitive disorders	Positive association	Meta‐analysis	24‐h urine collection/FFQ/food diaries	186
Renal transplant and post‐transplant hypertension	Positive association	Clinical trial	Strict sodium diet	187, 188
		Cross‐sectional	24‐h urine collection	189
		Comparative	24‐h urine collection	190
	No association	Comparative	24‐h urine collection	191
Osteoporosis	Increased risk	Meta‐analysis	Spot or 24‐h urine collection/FFQ/24‐h dietary recalls	192