FIGURE 4.

Impacts of pesticide exposure and physical activity on the epigenome. Up and down arrows (↑/↓) indicate conflicting results; i.e., both increases and decreases reported across different studies of the same mechanism. (A) Human (top: van der Plaat et al., 2018; Go et al., 2020; Furlong et al., 2020) and tissue culture/animal (bottom: Park et al., 2016; Wnuk et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2019) studies of pesticide exposure and epigenetic alterations. (B) Human (top: Rönn et al., 2013; Lindholm et al., 2014; Światowy et al., 2021; Ngwa et al., 2022) and animal (bottom: Gomez-Pinilla et al., 2011; Elsner et al., 2013; Irier et al., 2014; Jessop and Toledo-Rodriguez, 2018; Wassouf et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018; Zocher et al., 2021; Espeso-Gil et al., 2021) studies of physical activity or enriched environment and epigenetic alterations. DNAhm, DNA hydroxymethylation; DNAm, DNA methylation; HDAC, histone deacetylase; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; PTMs, posttranslational modifications.