TABLE 3.

Qualitative analysis of other predictors for glioblastoma immunotherapy from relevant clinical studies

Study	Design	GBM	IMT	Predictor	Outcomes
Patient clinical characteristics
Ishikawa et al. (2014) 43	Phase I/IIa	nGBM	Vaccine	RPA (III/IV vs. V)	OS
Ardon et al. (2012) 31	Phase I/II	nGBM	DCs	RPA	OS, PFS
Narita et al. (2019) 48	Phase III	rGBM	Vaccine	age (≥70 vs. <70 years old), weight (≥70 vs. <70 kg), PS (0–2 vs. 3)	OS
Tumor mutational burden and signatures
Bouffet et al. (2016) 91	Case report	rGBM	ICI	germline bMMRD with hypermutation	response
Johanns et al. (2016) 92	Case report	rGBM	ICI	germline POLE alteration with hypermutation	response
AlHarbi et al. (2018) 93	Case report	rGBM	ICI	constitutional bMMRD	response
Gromeier et al. (2021) 94	Retrospective	rGBM	ICI, OV	tumor mutational burden	OS
Zhao et al. (2019) 95	Retrospective	rGBM	ICI	MAPK pathway alterations (PTPN11, BRAF); PTEN mutation	response
Yao et al. (2018)	Phase II	both	DCs	TERT mutation	OS, PFS
Tumor molecular characteristics
Arrieta et al. (2021) 108	Retrospective	rGBM	ICI	ERK1/2 phosphorylation	OS
Ishikawa et al. (2007) 101	pilot clinical trials	both	vaccine	p53 and MHC‐1 expression	response
Liau et al. (2005) 102	Phase I	both	DCs	TGF‐2 expression	OS
Yao et al. (2018) 66	Phase II	both	DCs	B7‐H4 protein expression	OS
Duerinck et al. (2021) 100	Phase I	rGBM	ICI	B7‐H3 mRNA expression	OS
Chiba et al. (2010) 103	Retrospective	rGBM	Vaccine	intermediate WT1 expression	OS, PFS
Phuphanich et al. (2013) 52	Phase I	nGBM	Vaccine	mRNA expression of vaccine‐targeted tumor antigen	OS, PFS
Prins et al. (2011) 107	Phase I	both	DCs	mesenchymal gene expression profile	OS
Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes
Jan et al. (2018) 45	Phase II	nGBM	DCs	low PD‐1+/CD8+ ratio on TILs and PBMCs; low PD‐l + TILs	OS, PFS
Zhang et al. (2020) 115	Retrospective	nGBM	Vaccine	low TCR repertoire diversity; TCR clones of TILs;	OS
Hsu et al. (2016) 114	Retrospective	both	DCs	higher estimated TIL content	OS, PFS
Patient peripheral blood
Lukas et al. (2018) 46	Phase I	rGBM	ICI	high baseline peripheral CD4+ T cells and B cells	OS, PFS
Erhart et al. (2018) 116	Phase II	nGBM	DCs	GranzB production; CD8+ T cells counts	OS
Bloch et al. (2017) 34	Phase II	nGBM	Vaccine	PD‐L1 expression on myeloid cells	OS, PFS
Narita et al. (2019) 48	Phase III	rGBM	Vaccine	CD11b + CD14 + HLA‐DRlow monocytes; CCL2 in plasma; CD3 + CD4 + CD45RA − T cells	OS
Takashima et al. (2016) 61	Phase II	rGBM	Vaccine	low SDC‐4 mRNA expression levels of PBMCs	OS

Abbreviations: bMMRD, biallelic mismatch repair deficiency; DCs, dendric cells; GBM, glioblastoma; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; IMT, immunotherapy; nGBM, newly diagnosed GBM; OS, overall survival; OV, oncolytic virus; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PD‐1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD‐L1, programmed death‐ligand 1; PFS, progression‐free survival; rGBM, recurrent GBM; RPA, recursive partitioning analysis; TCR, T‐cell receptor; TILs, tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes; WT1, Wilms' tumor 1.