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. 2022 Aug 19;13:959750. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.959750

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Copyright © 2022 King, Bennet, Stone, Clark, Gunn and Dhillon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic showing current FGR detection and monitoring techniques and modalities, with potential avenues for improvement. aFECG, abdominal fetal electrocardiogram; CTG, cardiotocogram; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; UA, umbilical artery; MCA, middle cerebral artery; DV, ductus venosus; PI, pulsatility index; STV, short term variability; LTV, long term variability; PlGF, placental growth factor; sFlt1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; PAPP-A, pregnancy associated plasma protein A; β-HCG, beta human chorionic gonadotropin; SPINT, serine protease inhibitor.