Table 2.
Overview of cytokine changes in studies in pediatric patients with tics and/or obsessive-compulsive symptoms compared to healthy controls.
Cytokine | Increase | Decrease | No differences |
---|---|---|---|
TNF-α | Çolak Sivri et al. (14), Leckman et al. (17), Rodriguez et al. (21), Simşek et al. (22), Li et al. (18), and Yeon et al. (23) | Matz et al. (19) | Bos-Veneman et al. (12) and Gariup et al. (16) |
IL-6 | Rodriguez et al. (21), Cheng et al. (13), and Yeon et al. (23) | Li et al. (18) | Leckman et al. (17) and Simşek et al. (22) |
IL-1β | Gariup et al. (16), Rodriguez et al. (21), and Cheng et al. (13) | Çolak Sivri et al. (14) and Yeon et al. (23) | |
IL-2 | Gabbay et al. (15) and Simşek et al. (22) | Bos-Veneman et al. (12), Gariup et al. (16), and Leckman et al. (17) | |
IL-17(A) | Cheng et al. (13), Simşek et al. (22), and Yeon et al. (23) | Çolak Sivri et al. (14) | |
IL-12 | Gabbay et al. (15) and Leckman et al. (17) | Çolak Sivri et al. (14) | Bos-Veneman et al. (12) |
IL-8 | Gariup et al. (16) and Rodriguez et al. (21) | Li et al. (18) | |
GM-CSF | Rodriguez et al. (21) | Gariup et al. (16) | |
IP-10 | Gariup et al. (16) | ||
IL-12p70 | Yeon et al. (23) | ||
IL1-ra | Matz et al. (19) | ||
CD-14 | Matz et al. (19) | ||
sgp130 | Cheng et al. (13) | ||
sIL-6R | Cheng et al. (13) |
CD, cluster of differentiation; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IP, interferon gamma-induced protein; IL, interleukin; IL1-ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist; sgp, soluble glycoprotein; sIL-6R, soluble IL-6 receptor, TNF, tumor necrosis factor.