Table 2.

Overview of cytokine changes in studies in pediatric patients with tics and/or obsessive-compulsive symptoms compared to healthy controls.

Cytokine	Increase	Decrease	No differences
TNF-α	Çolak Sivri et al. (14), Leckman et al. (17), Rodriguez et al. (21), Simşek et al. (22), Li et al. (18), and Yeon et al. (23)	Matz et al. (19)	Bos-Veneman et al. (12) and Gariup et al. (16)
IL-6	Rodriguez et al. (21), Cheng et al. (13), and Yeon et al. (23)	Li et al. (18)	Leckman et al. (17) and Simşek et al. (22)
IL-1β	Gariup et al. (16), Rodriguez et al. (21), and Cheng et al. (13)		Çolak Sivri et al. (14) and Yeon et al. (23)
IL-2	Gabbay et al. (15) and Simşek et al. (22)		Bos-Veneman et al. (12), Gariup et al. (16), and Leckman et al. (17)
IL-17(A)	Cheng et al. (13), Simşek et al. (22), and Yeon et al. (23)		Çolak Sivri et al. (14)
IL-12	Gabbay et al. (15) and Leckman et al. (17)	Çolak Sivri et al. (14)	Bos-Veneman et al. (12)
IL-8	Gariup et al. (16) and Rodriguez et al. (21)	Li et al. (18)
GM-CSF	Rodriguez et al. (21)		Gariup et al. (16)
IP-10	Gariup et al. (16)
IL-12p70	Yeon et al. (23)
IL1-ra		Matz et al. (19)
CD-14		Matz et al. (19)
sgp130	Cheng et al. (13)
sIL-6R		Cheng et al. (13)

CD, cluster of differentiation; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IP, interferon gamma-induced protein; IL, interleukin; IL1-ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist; sgp, soluble glycoprotein; sIL-6R, soluble IL-6 receptor, TNF, tumor necrosis factor.