Table 1.

Manifestations of pain experienced by the Filipinx/a/o American community by ecological level.

Ecological level Pain	Further interdisciplinary readings on manifestations of Pain
Individual: Invisibility	Not being seen in America (59, 60) Exclusion from curriculum (61, 62) Few political leaders (63)
Interpersonal: Isolation	Difficulty finding other FilAms due to underrepresentation in academia (23, 25, 58)
Community: Ignorance	Epistemicide (i.e., “killing of knowledge systems”) in education (2), psychology (64), and public health (1)
Society: Inaction	Inaction on a structural level to address above issues through policy (63), the health care workforce (65), and clinical research (66)

This reading list is not intended to be exhaustive.