Table 2. Association Between Hearing Status and Hospitalization.
| Variable | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Unadjusted model | |
| Hearing status | |
| Normal hearing | 1 [Reference] |
| Hearing loss | |
| Mild | 1.41 (0.99-2.00) |
| Moderate | 1.80 (1.28-2.55) |
| Severe | 2.16 (1.40-3.31) |
| Adjusted model | |
| Hearing status | |
| Normal hearing | 1 [Reference] |
| Hearing loss | |
| Mild | 1.24 (0.84-1.83) |
| Moderate | 1.50 (1.01-2.24) |
| Severe | 1.71 (1.03-2.84) |
| Age | 1.03 (1.00-1.06) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 1.14 (0.78-1.68) |
| Male | 1 [Reference] |
| Race and ethnicity | |
| Hispanic or othera | 1.32 (0.87-2.01) |
| Non-Hispanic | |
| Black | 1.08 (0.73-1.59) |
| White | 1 [Reference] |
| Educational level | |
| Less than high school | 1 [Reference] |
| High school graduate or GED | 1.08 (0.74-1.58) |
| More than high school | 0.98 (0.63-1.51) |
| Marriage status | |
| Married | 1 [Reference] |
| Widowed | 0.87 (0.58-1.30) |
| Divorced or separated | 1.84 (1.15-2.94) |
| Never married or living with partner | 1.07 (0.49-2.35) |
| Income poverty ratio | 0.99 (0.88-1.12) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Overweight | 1.21 (0.92-1.60) |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.45 (1.03-2.05) |
| Coronary heart disease | 1.68 (1.05-2.71) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.54 (0.94-2.51) |
| Stroke | 1.99 (1.26-3.14) |
| Non–skin cancer | 1.33 (0.97-1.83) |
| Diabetes | 1.09 (0.80-1.49) |
Abbreviation: GED, General Educational Development.
a
Indicated as “other” race and ethnicity on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hispanic and other race and ethnicity were combined because sample sizes were small.