Table 3. Demographics by Hearing Aid Use.
| Variable | Unmatcheda | SMD | Matcheda | SMD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non–hearing aid users | Hearing aid users | Non–hearing aid users | Hearing aid users | |||
| Respondents, No.b | 985 | 200 | NA | 262 | 159 | NA |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 75.6 (5.5) | 77.0 (5.5) | 0.24 | 76.9 (5.2) | 77.2 (5.5) | 0.04 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 448 (45.5) | 66 (33.0) | −0.26 | 97 (37.0) | 56 (35.2) | −0.007 |
| Male | 537 (54.5) | 134 (67.0) | 0.26 | 165 (63.0) | 103 (64.8) | 0.007 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic or otherc | 194 (19.7) | 21 (10.5) | −0.27 | 30 (11.5) | 19 (11.9) | 0.03 |
| Non-Hispanic | ||||||
| Black | 124 (12.6) | 13 (6.5) | −0.25 | 19 (7.3) | 11 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| White | 667 (67.7) | 166 (83.0) | 0.44 | 213 (81.3) | 129 (81.1) | −0.05 |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Less than high school | 382 (38.8) | 58 (29.0) | −0.22 | 76 (29.0) | 47 (29.6) | 0.01 |
| High school graduate or GED | 252 (25.6) | 43 (21.5) | −0.10 | 64 (24.4) | 36 (22.6) | −0.008 |
| More than high school | 351 (35.6) | 99 (49.5) | 0.28 | 122 (46.6) | 76 (47.8) | 0.006 |
| Marriage status | ||||||
| Married | 529 (53.7) | 113 (56.5) | 0.05 | 154 (58.8) | 90 (56.6) | −0.06 |
| Widowed | 302 (30.7) | 67 (33.5) | 0.06 | 88 (33.6) | 53 (33.3) | −0.007 |
| Divorced or separated | 119 (12.1) | 7 (3.5) | −0.47 | 11 (4.2) | 6 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| Never married or living with partner | 35 (3.5) | 13 (6.5) | 0.11 | 9 (3.4) | 10 (6.3) | 0.09 |
| Income poverty ratio, mean (SD)d | 2.3 (1.4) | 2.8 (1.4) | 0.36 | 2.6 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.4) | 0.04 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Overweight | 339 (34.4) | 63 (31.5) | −0.06 | 85 (32.4) | 49 (30.8) | −0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 87 (8.8) | 22 (11.0) | 0.07 | 27 (10.3) | 19 (11.9) | 0.02 |
| Coronary heart disease | 117 (11.9) | 30 (15.0) | 0.09 | 38 (14.5) | 26 (16.4) | 0.05 |
| Myocardial infarction | 116 (11.8) | 32 (16.0) | 0.12 | 40 (15.3) | 26 (16.4) | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 103 (10.5) | 25 (12.5) | 0.06 | 32 (12.2) | 20 (12.6) | 0.009 |
| Non–skin cancer | 257 (26.1) | 71 (35.5) | 0.20 | 79 (30.2) | 56 (35.2) | 0.07 |
| Diabetes | 225 (22.8) | 31 (15.5) | −0.21 | 49 (18.7) | 28 (17.6) | −0.009 |
| Hearing loss severity | ||||||
| Mild | 615 (64.5) | 18 (9.0) | −1.91 | 39 (14.9) | 18 (11.3) | −0.03 |
| Moderate | 315 (32.0) | 120 (60.0) | 0.57 | 192 (73.3) | 114 (71.7) | 0.02 |
| Severe | 35 (3.6) | 62 (31.0) | 0.59 | 31 (11.8) | 27 (17.0) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: GED, General Educational Development; NA, not applicable; SMD, standardized mean difference.
a
Data are presented as number (percentage) of respondents unless otherwise indicated. Propensity score matching was performed with 2:1 nearest neighbor matching without replacement.
b
Individuals with hearing loss and available data on hearing aid use.
c
Indicated as “other” race and ethnicity on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hispanic and other race and ethnicity were combined because sample sizes were small.
d
Ratio is to federal poverty level.