2. Characteristics of included reviews: results.
| Study ID | Intervention focus | Included studies (number that contained a conservative intervention) | Participant details1, for participants within studies containing a conservative intervention | ||||
| n | Age (years) | Sex | Pregnancy as an inclusion or exclusion criteria? | Type of UI | |||
| Alhasso 2005 | To determine the effects of adrenergic agonists in the treatment of SUI | 22 (2) | 218 | Range 30–90 | 100% F | No | SUI |
| Ayeleke 2015 | To compare the effects of pelvic floor muscle training + another active treatment vs the same active treatment alone in the management of women with UI | 13 (13) | 1164 | Range 18–75 | 100% F | No | SUI MUI UUI |
| Cody 2012 | To assess the effects (both beneficial and harmful) of oestrogen therapy used for the treatment of UI | 34 (3) | 192 | Not reported | 100% F | Not reported | AUI |
| Dumoulin 2018 | To determine the effects of PFMT for women with UI vs no treatment, placebo or sham treatments, or other inactive control treatments | 31 (31) | 1871 | 18 trials restricted participation based on ages. Lowest age limit 13 years. No upper age limit in several trials. | 100% F | No | SUI 18 trials MUI 1 trial UUI 1 trial AUI 11 trials |
| Duthie 2011 | To compare intravesical botulinum toxin injection with other treatments for neurogenic and idiopathic OAB in adults with or without incontinence | 19 (0) | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Eustice 2000 | To determine the effects of prompted voiding for the management of UI | 9 (9) | 674 | Mean age 84 Range 69.3–92.4 |
100% female | No | Unclear |
| Freites 2019 | To assess the effects of laparoscopic colposuspension for UI in women; and summarise the principal findings of relevant economic evaluations of these interventions | 26 (0) | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Glazener 2017a | To determine the effects of anterior vaginal repair (anterior colporrhaphy) on SUI or mixed UI in women | 10 (1) | 50 | Mean 48 Range 31–66 |
100% female | Not reported | SUI |
| Glazener 2017b | To determine the effects of needle suspension on SUI or MUI in comparison with other management options | 10 (0) | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Hay‐Smith 2011 | To compare the effects of different approaches to pelvic floor muscle training for women with UI | 21 (1 trial with 3 arms)(21) | 1490 | Mean 35.9–58.4 (SD 10.8) Range 36–80 (possibly) |
100% female | No | SUI UUI MUI |
| Herbison 2009 | To determine the effects of implantable ES devices in the treatment of urine storage and voiding problems | 8 (0) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Herbison 2013 | To determine the effectiveness of vaginal cones in the management of female SUI | 23 studies 7 abstracts only, 1 ongoing (23) |
1806 | Not stated | 100% female | No | SUI 22 Unclear 1 |
| Herderschee 2011 | To determine whether feedback (including biofeedback) provides additional benefit to PFMT in women with UI (SUI, UUI or MUI), regardless of cause | 24 (24) | 1583 | All ages | Assume 100% female | No | SUI MUI UUI |
| Imamura 2015 | To determine the effectiveness of specific lifestyle interventions (i.e. weight loss; dietary changes; fluid intake; reduction in caffeinated, carbonated and alcoholic drinks; avoidance of constipation; stopping smoking; and physical activity) in the management of adult UI | 11 (11) | 5974 | 49–58 (quotes: "unclear if this was a mean or median"), "except for two trials with means of 62.6 and 70.25 years" |
100% female | Not an exclusion criteria | SUI MUI UUI |
| Kang 2015 | To evaluate the efficacy of transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation, compared with other interventions, in the treatment of women with UI | 1 (0) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kirchin 2017 | To determine the effects of periurethral and transurethral bulking agents on cure or improvement of UI in women. | 35 (1) | 47 | Not reported | 100% female | Not reported | SUI |
| Lapitan 2017 | To determine the effects of open retropubic colposuspension for the treatment of UI in women | 55 (2) | 120 | 31–66 years in 1 study; not reported in 1 study | 100% female | Not reported | SUI |
| Lipp 2014 | To determine the effects of mechanical devices in the management of adult female UI, particularly SUI | 8 (8) | 787 | Range 30–75 | 100% female | No | SUI UUI Other |
| Mariappan 2005 | To determine the effects of SNRI in the management of SUI and MUI that includes SUI in adults | 10 (1) | 201 (possibly) | Range 18–75 | 100% female (note: selection criteria included both sexes but data only available for female) |
Exclusion | MUI SUI |
| Nambiar 2017 | To assess the effectiveness of mini‐sling procedures in women with urodynamic clinical stress or MUI in terms of improved continence status, quality of life or adverse events. | 31 (0) | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Ostaszkiewicz 2004a | To assess the effects of habit retraining for the management of UI in adults | 4 (4) | 378 | Mean 80 | Analysis on females | No | UUI MUI Unclear |
| Ostaszkiewicz 2004b | To assess the effects of timed voiding for the management of urinary incontinence in adults | 2 (2) | 298 | Mean 86.7 | 100% female | No | UUI MUI (possibly) |
| Rai 2012 | To compare the effects of anticholinergic drugs with various non‐pharmacological therapies for non‐neurogenic OAB syndrome in adults | 23 (23) | 3695 | 6 had male and female 17 had only female | Not reported | Not reported | UUI |
| Saraswat 2020 | To assess the effects of traditional suburethral sling procedures for treatment of urodynamic SUI | 34 (0) | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Stewart 2016 | To determine the effectiveness of ES with non‐implanted electrodes in comparison with placebo or any other active treatment in adults with OAB, with or without UUI | 51 (51) | 3443 | All trials included adults only. 1 trial included only participants aged > 65 years; mean age reported in this trial was 84 years. 9 trials did not report participants' age. Across the remaining trials, mean age ranged from 46 to 70 | 36/51 female only 11/51 male and female 1/51 male only 3/51 not reported |
Not an exclusion criteria | OAB UUI MUI |
| Stewart 2017 | To assess the effects of ES with non‐implanted devices, alone or in combination with other treatment, for managing SUI or stress‐predominant MUI in women | 56 (56) | 3781 | Mean range 41–69 | 100% female | Not reported | SUI MUI AUI |
| Wallace 2004 | To assess the effects of bladder training on UI, however that diagnosis was made | 12 | 1473 | 5 trials no age restriction Remaining trials 35–65 |
11/12 female | No | SUI UUI MUI |
| Wang 2013 | Determine the effects and safety of acupuncture for SUI in adults | 1 | 60 | Mean 53.8 | 100% female | Not reported | SUI |
| Wieland 2019 | To assess the effects of yoga for treating UI in women. | 2 (2) | 49 | Range 22–79 | 100% female | 1 study – pregnancy in last year was an exclusion criterion. 1 study – most were postmenopausal |
UUI AUI |
AUI: all types of urinary incontinence; ES: electrical stimulation; F: female; M: male; MUI: mixed urinary incontinence; n: number of participants; OAB: overactive bladder; PFMT: pelvic floor muscle training; QRCT: quasi‐randomised controlled trial; RCT: randomised controlled trial; SNRI: serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors; SUI: stress urinary incontinence; UUI: urgency urinary incontinence. Number of participants are as reported in review text by review authors.1